<p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><strong><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Kais Saied's coup and its reflection on legitimacy </span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="tab-stops: 122.05pt;"><span style="color: #3598db;"><strong><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Eng. Sima Ali Mahdi</span></strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="tab-stops: 122.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.2pt;">This is the second coup in Tunisia after Ben Ali's coup in 1987 against Bourguiba, but the difference between them is that the rule that it did not change the nature of the first authority, but rather came to complete its course in his monopoly in power and the repression of his opponents. As for the coup d'&eacute;tat of Kais Saied, </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.2pt;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.2pt;">he announced on the evening </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.2pt;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.2pt;">of July 25, 2021 Ezzto the Prime Minister (Hisham Mechichi), freezing the powers of Parliament, lifting the immunity of deputies, and assuming the presidency of the Public Prosecution, </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.2pt;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.2pt;">A number of ministers, most notably the ministers of interior, justice and defense, were dismissed, several state institutions were suspended, and amonth-long night curfew </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.2pt;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.2pt;">was provided. The decisions, which he described as &ldquo;exceptional&rdquo;, were announced in the presence of army and security leaders, which raised the eyebrows of political leaders after an event that the security services had never done before due to their neutrality and the confidence of Tunisians over the years following the change.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.2pt;"><strong><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Causes of the coup</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.2pt;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">On October 13, 2019, Sa&rsquo;iwon the presidency of the republic as an independent and non-partisan presidential candidate, and did not have a political program, and his election campaign focused on his person, credibility, support for the revolution, and his direct speeches with the people. Upon his arrival, Kais Saied was frank about his position rejecting the form of the system approved by the constitution, and expressed his intention to changeit, for several reasons, including:</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" dir="LTR" style="mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; margin: 0in 0in .0001pt 22.2pt;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Simplified Arabic',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1-<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The performance of the Mechichi government in providing services to Tunisian citizens declined.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">2- The rampant corruption in vital sectors of the state, including within the political class and in electoral fraud, and even the judiciary, which was considered the main hinge of justice by leaving judicial files left for several years unresolved due to mediation and influence.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">3- The large number of popular protests demanding an improvement in the living and health situation, especially after the Corona crisis.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">4- The exchange of accusations within the House of Representatives, which turned into a similar to the qualifying arenas and not a place for legislation.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">In light of this, the British<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>website (Middle East Eye) announced a <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>secret document, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>two months before the coup, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>talking about the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>arrest of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>senior politicians, and the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>orchestration of a <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>coup in Tunisia with reference to Article Eighty of the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>Tunisian Constitution, and the document (<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>that <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>this coup <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>is a (constitutional coup) to be the sole "Kais Saied" in power completely, andthat after luring Prime Minister "Hisham Mechichi"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>and Speaker of the House of Representatives<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>"Rached Ghannouchi"To the palace and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>their detentionthere, will <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>appoint Major General Khaled Yahyaoui acting Minister of Interior), and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>this was the first <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>indication of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>the coup, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>and indeed this is what happened, but <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>head of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>the Ennahda Party<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>Rached Ghannouchi was<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>His health condition is critical and H. H. was not <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>arrested.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR"><strong><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">A political crisis with a constitutional cover</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>Consideration of the constitutional issue, and in particular the issue of the division of powers in the provisions of theTunisian constitution, may at first glance suggest that the constitution worked to clearly separate these three powers by clarifying the powers of each authority and the boundaries that separate them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>On the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>other hand, it remains hostage to constitutional loopholes that open the door to interpretations resulting from the lack of clarity in the responsibilities and powers of those authorities, and even the ways of dealing in the event of their intersection between the President <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>of the Republic and the Prime Minister, and the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>most important differences focused on the formation of governments and the selection of candidates and ministers. What made it more difficult to form a government was the fact that no party or bloc obtained a majority of seats in parliament due to the adoption of the proportional list voting system, which makes it difficult for lists of candidates to obtain an absolute majority of parliamentary seats, as is currently the case in Iraq.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">In his decisions, President Sa'i D. relied mainly on Article 80 of the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>2014 Constitution, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>especially its first paragraph, which stipulates that "in the event of an imminent danger threatening the entity of the homeland and the security and independence of the country, which makes it impossible for the normal functioning of the state, to take the measures necessitated by this exceptional situation, after consulting the Prime Minister, the Speaker of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People and informing the President of the Constitutional Court, and announcing the measures in a statement to the people....).</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" dir="LTR" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Simplified Arabic',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1-<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Consulting the head of government and the speaker of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People (both of which were not actually consulted) and informing the president of the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>Constitutional Court has not yet been <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>established and its members have not yet been installed, although it is enshrined in the 2014 constitutional document (articles 118 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>124), and perhaps the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>only condition that the President of the Republic has been keen to implement is the declaration of the state of exception in an official statement addressed to the people. </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="LTR" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Simplified Arabic',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2-<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Limiting the purpose of the "exceptional measures" to "the return of the normal functioning of the state as <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>soon as possible", i.e. restricting the legitimacy of the "exceptional measures <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>" by ensuring the return of the country to normal after <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>the removal of the imminent danger and its repercussions, while meeting the Assembly of the Representatives of the People in permanent session for the duration of the exceptional measures&raquo; This is contrary to what was stipulated in the decisions of President Sa'iD on July 25, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>2021, when he decided to suspend the work of parliament and lift the immunity of its deputies.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" dir="LTR" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Simplified Arabic',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3-<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">(Thirty days after the entry into force of these measures, and at any time thereafter, the Constitutional Court, at the request of the Speaker of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People or thirty of its members, shall be entrusted with deciding whether or not the state of exception continues, and the Court shall declare its decision publicly within a maximum period of fifteen days)In the absence of the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>Constitutional Court, as already noted, on August 23, 2021, President <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>Sa'iD issued another <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>decisionextending the state of exception until further notice.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The Tunisian crisis is not only a constitutional crisis, but also of a complex, political and socio-economic nature, therefore, it <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>is not excludedthat his own way of interpreting the constitution ends with the drafting of a <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>new document, which the people are asked to approve through the referendum mechanism, as long as it freezes the work of parliament, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>as the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>current constitution guarantees, in article 143, the president of the republic or a third of parliament the right to initiate its amendment, and The president's decisions were <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>not surprising to <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>some extent, as his skepticism about the usefulness of representative democracy dates back to his election campaign and to the first months of his election, and he strongly supported the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>constitutional document that was agreed upon in <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>2014, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>stressing that it was placed on the size of some of the weighty political forces in Tunisian party life, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>and did not hesitate to call for Tunisia desperately needs to rewrite its constitution.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Kais Saied and the dissolution of parliament in Tunisia</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Tunisian President Kais Sa'i D announced in a speech broadcast on Tunisian state television while chairing a meeting of the National Security Council on March 30, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>2022, the dissolution of the suspended parliament, as <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>Sa'i D said in <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>his speech that he "took the decision to dissolve the Tunisian parliament based on Article 72 of the constitution "in order to preserve the Tunisian people and state institutions" and this is due to: </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" dir="LTR" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Simplified Arabic',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1-<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The Tunisian president's decision to dissolve the frozen parliament came against the backdrop of 120 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>deputies holding a virtual session, a session that resulted in a decision to cancel the exceptional measures taken on July 25, as <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>116 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>deputies of the participants <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>voted yes, and the deputies participating in the session confirmed their rejection of the presidential decree on the dissolution of the Supreme Judicial Council, and their non-recognition of the legitimacy of the new interim council, and the participants denounced what they described <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>as "Trial of civilians before military courts", and called for the opening of a comprehensive national dialogue to save the country from its political, economic and social crisis.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" dir="LTR" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Simplified Arabic',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2-<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The decision to dissolve the frozen parliament coincided with the complexity of the Tunisian political scene, and the call of many political forces for a comprehensive national dialogue, paving the way for a consensus between political forces on the mechanisms for resolving this <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>crisis, in <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>addition to the worsening of the economic crisis in light of the delay in paying the salaries of some government sector institutions, the shortage of some basic materials from the Tunisian market, and the dispute between the government of Najla Boden and the Tunisian General Labor Union (the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>most important trade union institution in Tunisia).On the economic reform plan, the Union rejects the economic reforms proposed by the Tunisian government to obtain funding from the IMF, especially as they include "stopping employment, freezing wages for 5 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>years in the public sector, selling some public companies, and lifting subsidies permanently within 4 years."</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR"><strong><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Reactions to Kais Saied's decisions</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Reactions to the trend witnessed by the Tunisian scene continued after Kais Saied announced the adoption of a set of exceptional measures, and they were frequent among the positions of domestic, regional and international actors, the most prominent of which were as follows:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Level I: Internal Positions of the Parties</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" dir="LTR" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Simplified Arabic',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1-<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The party blocs rejecting the decision, the most prominent of which were (Ennahda Movement - Dignity Coalition Bloc - Republican Party - Tunisian Workers' Party - Free Destourian Party). </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="LTR" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Simplified Arabic',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2-<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The party blocsthat supported the decision, the most prominent of which was (the Democratic Current - Qalb Tounes Party) and their support is dueto the chaos that pervades the parliament square, which is suspended for its work.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="LTR" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Simplified Arabic',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3-<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Tunisian General Labor Union: Calling for the need to respect rights and freedoms in light of their implementation. He stressed the need for all parties to show the spirit of responsibility required by the stage away from political squabbles and settling scores between the parties to the crisis. He pointed out the need to review measures relating to the judiciary to ensure its independence.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="LTR" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Simplified Arabic',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4-<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The Supreme Judicial Council rejected the decision, stressing <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>after meeting with the President of the Republic a number of its members, that judges are independent and have no authority over them in their judiciary other than the law and that they carry out their duties in accordance with the Constitution and the law in protecting rights and freedoms, stressing that the Public Prosecution is part of the judicial judiciary, whose members and members enjoy the same rights and guarantees granted to the sitting judiciary, and exercise their duties as required by the legal texts in force. </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" dir="LTR" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Simplified Arabic',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5-<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The Independent High Authority for Elections (ISIE): Through its president (Nabil Afoun), she expressed her shock at the decisions announced by the President of the Republic, ruling out talk of early elections in light of the constitutional vacuum left by Saied's exceptional decisions.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><strong><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Level II: Positions of Regional and International</span></strong><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> Parties</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" dir="LTR" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Simplified Arabic',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1-<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The statements concerned about the coup in Tunisia were made by (Turkey, Libya, the United Nations, the United States of America, and the European Union).</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="LTR" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Simplified Arabic',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2-<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The supporting permits were taken by (Egypt - Saudi Arabia - UAE - Maghreb countries)</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" dir="LTR" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Simplified Arabic',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3-<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Qatar adopted the neutral statement by calling for the need to give priority to the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>voice of wisdom and avoid escalation between the parties to the crisis in Tunisia, through the path of dialogue to overcome the crisis that the country is going through, consolidate the foundations of institutions and enshrine the rule of law in order to preserve the stability of Tunisia and achieve the aspirations and aspirations of its people.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">In conclusion, it can be said that the success of any democratic transition depends on going through three basic stages: the first / the stage of openness, in which the regime begins to make reforms and free some restrictions on civil and political life due to popular pressure.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The second / the transitional period, in which new foundations are laid for the political system and institutions, most notably the drafting of a new constitution. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Third, it is the stabilization phase in which democratic behavior becomes entrenched among actors and institutions, and the peaceful transfer of power through elections becomes a fundamental rule in the state.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Tunisia has succeeded in the previous two stages and failed in the last stage <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>through Kais Saied's coup against political and constitutional legitimacy with justifications, albeit convincing, and it also seems that the President of the Republic deals with Article <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>80 as a "magic" gate <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>out of the narrow constitutional legitimacy to the rehab of popular legitimacy for him, which turns the chapter into a bridge towards a new transitional period for the country ending with the "Third Republic". The recent decision to dissolve the Tunisian parliament will motivate the Tunisian president to complete his vision for a radical restructuring of the political system in Tunisia, especially in the absence of the Constitutional Court, a consideration that makes him solely have the power to interpret constitutional chapters.</span></p>