INSERT INTO `version_translations` (`id`, `locale`, `title`, `description`, `content`, `tags`, `version_id`) VALUES
(80, 'en', 'The Competition for Spheres of Influence between the United States and China: The South China Sea Region and Latin America', 'Any country in the world has several geographical regions surrounding it, and its national security is affected by the security and stability of these geographical regions, whether this influence is negative or pos....', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: center; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\" align=\"center\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The Competition for Spheres of Influence between the United States and China: The South China Sea Region and Latin America</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"color: #3598db;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Iman Al-Fakharani</span></strong></span></p>\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"color: #3598db;\"> </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Any country in the world has several geographical regions surrounding it, and its national security is affected by the security and stability of these geographical regions, whether this influence is negative or positive. And just as the United States considered itself responsible for Latin America, the geographical area of the South China Sea was anciently an integral part of the Chinese empire, which China now seeks to include within its sovereignty, but the state of international relations is witnessing from competition between China and the United States in many regions of the world and considering each The other is a threat and a competitor to it, which has prevented the security and stability of their areas of influence, whether it is the South China Sea or Latin America. This is because both the United States and China pursue a strategy in one way or another against their opponent in their sphere of influence. In an attempt to exploit the importance of this region for the national security of his opponent and harm his vital interests, and then gain a competitive advantage against his opponent.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The United States, perhaps a decade or more ago, has worked to increase its military presence in the South China Sea region in a way that provokes China to the sea&rsquo;s convergence with China&rsquo;s eastern coastal shores, and it may suggest to non-specialist observers of global events that there are harbingers of an upcoming war. As a result of the American military provocation of China on the one hand and the restraint exercised by China on the other hand, which may deviate from it at times; Because many US military vessels pass through waters that China claims to have historical rights over without prior Chinese permission, which China, on the other hand, sees as a derogation of its sovereign rights and harm to its national security.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>As for the Chinese presence in Latin America, although it is fundamentally different from the American presence in the China Sea in terms of its focus mainly on the economic factor, for the United States it is a threat to its interests in its backyard. Especially when the volume of bilateral trade between China and Latin American countries increased to 300 billion dollars in the period between 2000 and 2019, and Chinese loans to Latin American countries increased to 137 billion dollars in 2019, and the United States considers the Chinese economic growth in Latin America or any region in general as a beginning. The Chinese infiltration, in a way that harms its influence and influence on the decisions of Latin American countries in the future, and some analysts of international relations view the Chinese presence in Latin America as a natural and similar reaction to the US military presence in the China Sea, just as the United States is present in the South China Sea region Chinese sphere of influence China is present in Latin America, the sphere of influence of the United States, and this paper seeks to discuss these strategies in detail by answering a major question: how is the competition between the United States and China in the South China Sea region and Latin America?</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Through the following axes:-</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">1- The importance of spheres of influence (South China Sea and Latin America)</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">2- The American presence in the South China Sea</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">3- The Chinese presence in Latin America</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The first axis: - the importance of spheres of influence (South China Sea and Latin America)</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">First: the South China Sea</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Before President Barack Obama came to power in the United States and the beginning of his adoption of the East Asian orientation strategy, this region was previously included in a paper titled Defense Planning Guide by Paul Wolfowitz, among the regions that the United States must pay attention to; Through the control of a country over one of these regions, forces that oppose American global influence will appear in the future. However, a comprehensive strategy towards China was not adopted until Obama announced a strategy for rebalancing in East Asia, after sensing the first threat to American global influence from the growing Chinese ascendancy. Whether economically or in terms of military development, China is now seeking to control the South China Sea by building several artificial islands and attaching them to a number of military bases above these islands. Thus, China will be the first of the countries in the regions referred to by Wolfowitz that seek to threaten American global influence. The South China Sea region is one of the areas that, if a country gains control over it, forces will emerge that challenge the global influence of the United States. Where the South China Sea represents the heart of the marine land in Southeast Asia, as pointed out by Robert Kaplan, controlling the South China Sea gives an opportunity to control one of the most important ports of global trade.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">1- The importance of the South China Sea for China</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">When defining the goals that China wants to achieve from its constant endeavor to make the South China Sea an area of Chinese sovereignty, we find that its most important goals are mainly economic and affect its national security. To 22 billion barrels of oil and between 19 to 290 trillion cubic meters, it may have moved China\'s feelings to take full control of them without the participation of other countries, and that the end of four sea routes to transport oil energy estimated at 82% of all its imports to China takes place through the passage of the South China Sea Therefore, it was natural for China, and as a result of the importance of energy for the Chinese economy, to seek to secure the South China Sea for its oil imports, especially when China felt that as a result of the American presence in the China Sea and the Indian and Pacific Oceans and the American-Chinese competition, the United States might close the Malacca Strait, which represents a threat to trade lines. Maritime China, and by maintaining the security of the flow of energy imports to China, the stability of the energy-dependent Chinese economy will be maintained, and then the demands of the middle class will be met and China\'s national security will be preserved. But this does not mean that China has other goals, as there may be a strategic goal that is consistent with China\'s long-term policy. Twenty years ago, China began planning phases for the complete exit of the United States from the South China Sea region, and we are at the beginning of the third and final stage from 2020 to 2040, and in terms of controlling the South China Sea and making it a vital area for it and ending the conflict with the ASEAN countries, China has struck a strong blow. In the structure of global US influence, both goals, whether economic or strategic, are no less important than the other for China.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">2- The importance of the South China Sea to the United States</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">It comes in contrast to China\'s goals behind its strategy in the South China Sea, the goals of the United States. It seems that the United States has no ambitions in the wealth of the South China Sea, because there are at least unofficial participations to help ASEAN countries extract oil and gas, except when China forced three American companies Chevron, Exxon Mobil, and ConocoPhillips to suspend their agreements with PetroVietnam, and there were no official government permits. It expresses the desire of the United States for the participation of ASEAN countries in the oil production of the South China Sea. Despite this, the interest of the United States in maintaining the sea lanes in the South China Sea is not denied, but the United States has a strategic goal behind its military presence in the China Sea, which is an attempt to surround China has a number of allies of the United States; Several opinions have emerged that believe that the South China Sea region is one of the first areas on which the future of the international system will be determined, and therefore it seeks to preserve the rules that support the current system by limiting China in its regional sphere.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Second: Latin America</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The Chinese presence in Latin America was not recent and related to the state of US-Chinese competition. China\'s relationship with Latin America began long before that. During the reign of Chinese Chairman Mao Zedong, relations with Latin America revolved around exporting the Maoist revolution, but this policy did not last. With the beginning of the Chinese economic reform period that began since Deng Xiaoping took over, China searched for Regions rich in resources to link them to the emerging Chinese economy, and Latin America was among these regions that it included in its development strategy in addition to Africa and Southeast Asia, so the beginnings of the Chinese presence in Latin America were with purely economic goals, but this presence is now seen as a reaction and as a Chinese policy to confront the policy The American focus is in East Asia, specifically in the South China Sea, and it is no longer an existence caused only by searching for economic resources. As for the United States; The importance of Latin America is that it is a safe market for American products, far from African markets where competition is with Chinese products, and that the Latin American region is a fertile ground for the growth of revolutionary ideas that the United States is fighting globally. The existence of such ideas alongside the world of liberalism led by the United States represents a threat to its national security, so it was natural for the United States to fight countries such as Cuba and Venezuela and to seek to prevent the spread of such ideas in the rest of the continent.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">1- The importance of the South China Sea for China</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">When defining the goals that China wants to achieve from its constant endeavor to make the South China Sea an area of Chinese sovereignty, we find that its most important goals are mainly economic and affect its national security. To 22 billion barrels of oil and between 19 to 290 trillion cubic meters, it may have moved China\'s feelings to take full control of them without the participation of other countries, and that the end of four sea routes to transport oil energy estimated at 82% of all its imports to China takes place through the passage of the South China Sea Therefore, it was natural for China, and as a result of the importance of energy for the Chinese economy, to seek to secure the South China Sea for its oil imports, especially when China felt that as a result of the American presence in the China Sea and the Indian and Pacific Oceans and the American-Chinese competition, the United States might close the Malacca Strait, which represents a threat to trade lines. Maritime China, and by maintaining the security of the flow of energy imports to China, the stability of the energy-dependent Chinese economy will be maintained, and then the demands of the middle class will be met and China\'s national security will be preserved.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">But this does not mean that China has other goals, as there may be a strategic goal that is consistent with China\'s long-term policy. Twenty years ago, China began planning phases for the complete exit of the United States from the South China Sea region, and we are at the beginning of the third and final stage from 2020 to 2040, and in terms of controlling the South China Sea and making it a vital area for it and ending the conflict with the ASEAN countries, China has struck a strong blow. In the structure of global US influence, both goals, whether economic or strategic, are no less important than the other for China.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">2- The importance of the South China Sea to the United States</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">It comes in contrast to China\'s goals behind its strategy in the South China Sea, the goals of the United States. It seems that the United States has no ambitions in the wealth of the South China Sea, because there are at least unofficial participations to help ASEAN countries extract oil and gas, except when China forced three American companies Chevron, Exxon Mobil, and ConocoPhillips to suspend their agreements with PetroVietnam, and there were no official government permits. It expresses the desire of the United States for the participation of ASEAN countries in the oil production of the South China Sea. Despite this, the interest of the United States in maintaining the sea lanes in the South China Sea is not denied, but the United States has a strategic goal behind its military presence in the China Sea, which is an attempt to surround China has a number of allies of the United States; Several opinions have emerged that believe that the South China Sea region is one of the first areas on which the future of the international system will be determined, and therefore it seeks to preserve the rules that support the current system by limiting China in its regional sphere.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Second: Latin America</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The Chinese presence in Latin America was not recent and related to the state of US-Chinese competition. China\'s relationship with Latin America began long before that. During the reign of Chinese Chairman Mao Zedong, relations with Latin America revolved around exporting the Maoist revolution, but this policy did not last. With the beginning of the Chinese economic reform period that began since Deng Xiaoping took over, China searched for Regions rich in resources to link them to the emerging Chinese economy, and Latin America was among these regions that it included in its development strategy in addition to Africa and Southeast Asia, so the beginnings of the Chinese presence in Latin America were with purely economic goals, but this presence is now seen as a reaction and as a Chinese policy to confront the policy The American focus is in East Asia, specifically in the South China Sea, and it is no longer an existence caused only by searching for economic resources. As for the United States; The importance of Latin America is that it is a safe market for American products, far from African markets where competition is with Chinese products, and that the Latin American region is a fertile ground for the growth of revolutionary ideas that the United States is fighting globally. The existence of such ideas alongside the world of liberalism led by the United States represents a threat to its national security, so it was natural for the United States to fight countries such as Cuba and Venezuela and to seek to prevent the spread of such ideas in the rest of the continent.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The second axis: - the American presence in the South China Sea</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Considering China by successive US administrations before Obama assumed power as a strategic partner under Clinton, and another time as a strategic competitor that must be contained under Bush Jr. reflects the different perspectives that assess China\'s rising power resulting from The different personalities of the presidents of the United States, and he may not appreciate the importance of this difference of perspectives compared to the development of a new US foreign policy, the policy of heading east; Because it was able to convince the makers of American foreign policy that the threat of terrorism and the wars waged against the countries of the Middle East is not as great as the danger of the rise of an East Asian power that threatens the global position of the United States, and thus it was able to move the weight of American foreign policy from one region to another from the Middle East and North Africa to another. The Far East, specifically the South China Sea region. In successive administrations after Obama, the policy of heading east was not abandoned, even if the methods of dealing with China differed.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The United States realized the centrality of the South China Sea to the rise of China and its importance to China\'s national security, so it worked to exploit the sensitivity of this region for China, and linked its national interest to the issue of the dispute in the South China Sea region, as stated by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, even with the advent of Donald Trump\'s administration to power after Obama considered the region of the Indian and Pacific oceans to be the most important geographic regions for American foreign policy, and thus the importance of the South China Sea region emerged for the American strategy to contain China in its Asian region, and we can note that the US strategy in the South China Sea seeking to limit Chinese influence relied on three methods, namely Military presence and freedom of maritime navigation and interference to impede the existence of a solution to the issue of maritime borders in the China Sea.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">First: - The American strategy in the South China Sea</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">1- The US military presence in the South China Sea</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The United States has diversified its military presence in the South China Sea region. Between military exercises with its allied countries such as the Cobra Gold exercise, which is the largest multilateral military exercise in Asia, the Balikatan maneuver and the edge of the Pacific Ocean with the Philippines and the Malabar tripartite with India and Japan, and between defense security agreements with the ASEAN countries that are in dispute with China over their rights in the China Sea South Korea such as the Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore, in addition to its security alliances with Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand, and between the steady deployment of American forces such as the US Forces Command in Japan USFJ and the US Forces Command in South Korea USFK, and there are four air bases in the Philippines and a base in Darwin, Australia And air and sea intelligence bases in Midway, the Northern Mariana Islands, Singapore, Thailand and Indonesia. The American air presence on the Philippine island of Luzon may enable the United States to follow it with a military naval presence that closes the Luzon Strait, which connects the Philippine Sea and the South China Sea in the Pacific Ocean.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The current Biden administration also seeks to focus on the importance of US alliances in Southeast Asia to confront China. Where a tripartite AUKUS agreement was established that includes the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia to deploy submarines carrying nuclear warheads in the Pacific Ocean near China, and after the announcement of this agreement, Biden renewed the return of the security quadruple axis that includes the United States, Australia, India and Japan, and the Five Eyes intelligence agreement that English-speaking countries including the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand may see a change in terms of the type of countries that will be included in the future; There are efforts within the US Senate to expand the scope of the agreement countries to include India, Japan, Germany and South Korea, and these countries are mostly allies of the United States and share competition with China.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">2- Freedom of navigation in the South China Sea</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">One of the most provocative military actions China sees is FONOPS; Because on the one hand, the United States has not ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea while it defends freedom of navigation in the South China Sea, and on the other hand, the United States has not heeded China\'s repeated warnings about the passage of parts of its military tankers without prior permission from China, which it considers the latter an encroachment on its sovereign territory; The passage of US aircraft carriers and many ships of the US Navy takes place near China\'s naval facilities in the Spartellis and Parcels Islands, although there were provocative US military naval operations as described by some under Obama\'s rule, but these naval operations - whether they are sea passage or conducting maneuvers - we find that they have increased in light of the tense US-Chinese relations during Trump\'s rule; Six naval maneuvers were conducted in 2018 in disputed waters, and it increased by eight in 2019/2020. As for the number of US naval traffic operations, it was estimated to be approximately fifteen times since Trump took office.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">And after Biden\'s call for freedom of navigation in the South China Sea course, maritime operations are no longer limited to the passage of US military vessels only, but rather some European countries and India participated in the American provocative method against China. The French Minister of Defense, Florence Parly, announced that there are two ships belonging to the French Navy that sailed in the South China Sea to confirm freedom of navigation. The reason for sending a warship to the South China Sea is that it aims to maintain stability in the region and respect for international law, and the Indian Ministry of Defense confirmed that it will send a task force consisting of four ships to conduct exercises in the South China Sea with Japan, the United States and Australia, and Australia has also confirmed Australia\'s maritime rights In the South China Sea, where the Chinese Navy detected three Australian warships passing through the China Sea.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">3- Maritime dispute in the South China Sea</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The limits of the American presence in Southeast Asia in general and the South China Sea in particular did not stop at the military side only, so it took advantage of the crisis that China is going through and the ASEAN countries that have maritime rights in the South China Sea to put pressure on China on the other hand. The United States wants to obstruct COC negotiations on the issue of the maritime dispute in the China Sea; By intervening through its allied countries in the region and a major party to the conflict such as Vietnam, in a report issued by the American Council on Foreign Relations urging the United States to seek with countries in the region with similar thinking to find a strategy to resist Chinese threats in the China Sea, so when it took over Vietnam Presidency of the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh Summit Conference called for a legal commitment regarding the maritime dispute in the China Sea to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and not to abide by the complex Code of Conduct between China and ASEAN countries 2001, and China had previously blamed the United States for failing to issue a joint statement on the issue of the South China Sea ; Because of the United States\' desire to add contents to the statement that were not discussed during the meeting.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Second: - Chinese strategy in the South China Sea</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">It is natural for the US strategy in the China Sea to be confronted with a counter-Chinese strategy as a result of the vital importance that the China Sea represents to China\'s national security. We find that China has relied on an internal strategy in the China Sea and an external strategy, so externally; The Chinese strategy is trying to breach US military rule in the China Sea by launching global projects that link its economy to the global economy. Such as the Belt and Road project, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, and the Made in China 2025 project, which received wide acceptance from countries of the world except for the United States, which failed to prevent countries from joining it, even its allies. The scope of the South China Sea region, and thus China circumvented the US strategy in the South China Sea by linking its economy to the economies of several countries in the world, and was able to reduce the possibility of curtailing Chinese influence in the Asian regional environment.</span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;\"> </span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">China is also looking for alternative ways to the South China Sea - despite its importance to China - to secure its maritime trade lines from the potential American threat. Such as the Isthmus of Christmus Canal as an alternative to the Strait of Malacca, the Pakistani Development Corridor 2015. Instead of most of China\'s maritime lines relying on its eastern mainland, western China will be linked to the Pakistani port of Gwadar, and thus the threat of the US military presence on China\'s oil imports will be avoided.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">As for internally</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">China realizes two things, the first of which is that it is impossible for a direct military clash between it and the United States to take place because the American and Chinese military forces possess nuclear weapons and equipment with a devastating effect. The second thing is that China has the advantage in the South China Sea, so we find that China, despite the military provocations and diplomatic attack The US did not stop building and drilling operations in the South China Sea, so China began gradually seizing islands from the Spartellis and Parcels and building military bases on them such as Miss Schiff, Fairly Cross, Wasabi in Spartellis, the base of Woody Island, Terry and the North Island in Parcells, and building a barrier consisting of fifty islands Industrialized and transformed into a semi-enclosed body of water to control passing ships, pushing the United States back and away from the China Sea. Through China&rsquo;s increasing aggressions against the sovereign rights of its neighboring countries in the South China Sea, such as the military threat to Vietnam in 2017, as it did not stop drilling in its exclusive economic zone, and its presence near islands under the sovereignty of other countries, such as the presence of the Chinese Coast Guard in the vicinity of the Philippine island of Thito and Luconia Souls. Malaysia, the placement of a device for oil exploration in waters disputed with Vietnam in 2014, its seizure of the Scarborough Shoal Islands from the Philippines in 2012, the People\'s Liberation Army\'s deployment of advanced weapons in the South China Sea such as the test firing of Chinese anti-aircraft missiles DF-26, want to send A message to regional countries and the United States that it forcibly controls the South China Sea and flouts international law and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, especially when China issued the Coast Guard Law in January 2021 that gives the Coast Guard forces to fire on foreign ships operating within the nine-line line that China demands it.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The third axis: - the Chinese presence in Latin America</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The economic factor is the factor that has been greatly focused on in building the Chinese strategy in Latin America, and perhaps China&rsquo;s reliance on only one factor may cause a shortcoming in its strategy, but it gives more credibility and transparency to the reasons for its growing presence in Latin America, where it has become an important economic partner with Most Latin American countries, in a 2019 survey conducted by the Pew Research Center on the perceptions of citizens in Latin American countries, nearly half of the participants expressed positive opinions about China, while about 42% expressed negative opinions about China, and China is perhaps seeking its presence in the continent Latin America to make it an arena for competition with the United States instead of the South China Sea region, but the essence of the Chinese strategy through which China will manage the competition with the United States does not depend on the military aspect, as China still cannot manage the People\'s Liberation Army outside its national domain, so it adopted The Chinese strategy in its presence in Latin America is to develop trade exchange with Latin American countries.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">First: - The Chinese strategy in Latin America</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">China\'s economic strategy moves can be monitored by strengthening its relationship with Latin American countries in two ways</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">1- Increasing investments and developing trade relations</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">China considered Latin American countries a rich source of resources needed by the Chinese economy, whether food, oil or mineral, so it concluded strategic partnership agreements bilaterally with many Latin American countries, the first of which was Venezuela 2001 - which has the largest oil reserves in the world - and Mexico 2003 And Argentina 2004, in addition to considering Brazil, Chile, Ecuador and Peru comprehensive strategic partners for China, so these countries export to China its mineral and food needs and import technological equipment from China. and the Caribbean Sea.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">China worked to connect Latin American countries more with Chinese investments. Through China\'s invitation to Latin American countries to join the Asian Development Bank, which Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil and Chile joined, and the Belt and Road Initiative. Despite the fact that Latin America is far from the lines of the Belt and Road Initiative, President Xi Jinping considered it a natural extension of the Maritime Silk Road, which it welcomed It has nineteen Latin American countries, but Mexico, Brazil and Colombia are still hesitant despite their good economic relationship with China, and through the establishment of a joint financing fund for Latin American and Caribbean countries in 2013, because borrowing from China has an advantage over borrowing from the United States or from the World Bank Because there are no strict conditions.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">2- Infrastructure projects</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Between 2005 and 2020, according to data from the Chinese Academic Network in Latin America, China submitted 138 projects in the infrastructure basics of Latin American countries, for example, the Pilger Ano freight project was implemented in Argentina, the subway project in Colombia, the cloud railway project in Brazil, and others. In Mexico and Jamaica\'s northern route, but in fact the infrastructure projects funded by China for Latin American countries were not only in their interest, as the Chinese side dealt with some pragmatism. These projects also served the Chinese side\'s interest in terms of facilitating access to the resources and wealth of Latin American countries. Whether through the ports or the railways that financed it.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">In addition to the role that China plays through its presence in multilateral Latin American organizations, such as its request to obtain observer status in 2004 instead of Taiwan in the Organization of American States, a member of the East Asian and Latin American Cooperation Forum in 2001 and in the Latin American Parliament in 2004, and a member of the Joint Committee Between the Inter-American Development Bank 2008 and its initiation of a series of dialogues with the Organization of Andean States and Mercosur.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">But although China relies heavily on the economic factor in its strategy for Latin America, we cannot only say that it aims to open markets for its investments and obtain a source for the flow of its basic economic resources. Where the People\'s Liberation Army built a space station for tracking satellites in Argentina to respond to the series of American bases in Southeast Asia, and there may be another in the Strait of Magellan linking the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean, and perhaps the policies of Latin American countries faced pressure from Chinese investment companies to recognize With the one-China policy, because of the size and importance of Chinese trade and investment relations for El Salvador, the Dominican Republic and Panama, their diplomatic relationship with Taiwan was abandoned, and Taiwan now has nine allies in Latin America after they were fifteen.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Second: - The American strategy in Latin America</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The United States\' increasing interest in many other regions of the world, especially the Middle East and Southeast Asia, led to the neglect of its first area of influence, Latin America, in a way that allowed the Chinese giant, its current first competitor, to expand in the region, but despite the Obama administration\'s shifting attention to Southeast Asia In order to curtail Chinese influence there, however, there was intense interest from the Obama administration when Biden was vice president, but this intense interest did not overcome the decline in American influence in Latin America that Biden and before him Obama referred to, so the current administration is working to restore the influence of the United States in Latin America, but faces the obstacle of Chinese investments there, so the solution presented by the Biden administration was to find a more attractive American economic alternative to the Chinese alternative. Aspects of the American strategy to counter Chinese influence in Latin America can be monitored. On the one hand, the United States has invited some officials from Latin American countries Panama, Colombia and Ecuador to identify basic projects for preparing an American initiative alternative to the Belt and Road Initiative, and on the other hand, it is working to increase the proposed capital of the International Development Bank. On the other hand, it is trying to build a good image and a positive impression by confirming the return of humanitarian aid and financial incentives that were cut off during the Trump era.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Conclusion</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Despite the statements made by Chinese officials that the American presence in the South China Sea region affects China\'s national security, and the statements of their American counterparts that the Chinese presence in the Latin American region threatens American influence in it, the American-Chinese competition in each other\'s areas of influence did not subside. So far, to the extent that we have decided that there will be a serious impact on US-Chinese relations, and then this impact will have a negative impact on global stability and security. Because on the one hand, both countries realize that their possession of an arsenal of nuclear weapons will deter both from initiating direct harm to the interest of the other. On the other hand, we did not find that there is a general level of competition over spheres of influence between the United States and China through which we can say that this competition will develop in the future to take the form of a struggle between them in these two regions. For its part, the United States deals with a military and political logic in its strategy to compete with China in the South China Sea region, while China, on its part, deals with an economic logic, although it has some strategic and political goals, but it is still somewhat shy in the Latin American region. The Chinese military presence in Latin America is still It ranges from conducting military exercises and arms sales, even port rental deals from Latin American countries that still - despite the low possibility that China will use them for purposes of spying on the United States - revolve around the peaceful use and for commercial purposes of the Maritime Silk Line, and this difference in how it manages The competition between China and the United States in their spheres of influence makes the South China Sea region more interesting and attractive to researchers and readers than the Latin American region.</span></p>', '', 41);
INSERT INTO `version_translations` (`id`, `locale`, `title`, `description`, `content`, `tags`, `version_id`) VALUES
(81, 'ar', 'العلاقة الاذربيجانية –الارمينية: دراسة في الدلالات والابعاد الجيوسياسية', 'تشهد الأزمة الأذرية الأرمنية، تعقيدات إقليمية ودولية، بناء على التحالفات والعلاقات التي يتمتع بها الطرفان، في ظل الحرب الدائرة بينهما حاليا، في إقليم ناغورني كراباخ، الذي يسيطر عليه انفصاليون....', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\', serif;\">العلاقة الاذربيجانية &ndash;الارمينية: دراسة في الدلالات والابعاد الجيوسياسية</span></strong></span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"> </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"color: #3598db;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">م.م. سيماء علي مهدي</span></strong></span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #3598db;\"><strong> </strong></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">المقدمة:</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>تشهد الأزمة الأذرية الأرمنية، تعقيدات إقليمية ودولية، بناء على التحالفات والعلاقات التي يتمتع بها الطرفان، في ظل الحرب الدائرة بينهما حاليا، في إقليم ناغورني كراباخ، الذي يسيطر عليه انفصاليون أرمن، بالإضافة إلى مناطق أذرية ملاصقة له، تحتلها أرمينيا</span><span lang=\"AR-IQ\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;\">، </span><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">وتتشابك مصالح داعمي الفريقين، وأبرزهما تركيا الداعمة لأذربيجان، وروسيا الداعمة لأرمينيا</span><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">- &nbsp;</span><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">تاريخ مثقل بالمذابح والخلافات الممتدة من الانتماء الديني والقومي إلى ممرات خطوط أنابيب النفط. بيد أن التاريخ وحده لا يفسر سبب اندلاع الأعمال الحربية على هذا النحو العنيف والمفاجئ. ذلك أن مناوشات لا تخلو من حدة، شهدتها مناطق التماس بين أذربيجان وإقليم ناغورني قره باغ الواقع ضمن أراضيها والذي تسكنه أكثرية أرمنية (جمهورية ارتساخ غير المعترف دولياً بها) خصوصاً في 2016؛ إضافة إلى حالة توتر دائمة بين أرمينيا وأذربيجان بسبب عدم التوصل إلى تسوية تعالج ذيول الحرب في التسعينات، على غرار عودة اللاجئين وبقاء الإقليم خارج سلطة باكو رغم الاعتراف الدولي بسيادتها عليه</span><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">المحور الاول: جمهورية اذربيجان</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>أذربيجان (بالأذرية:</span><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">Az</span><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Times New Roman\',serif;\">ə</span><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">rbaycan</span><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">) أو رسميًا جمهورية أذربيجان (بالأذرية:</span><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">Az</span><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Times New Roman\',serif;\">ə</span><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">rbaycan Respublikası</span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> <span lang=\"AR-SA\">أذربيجان ريسبوليكاسي) هي واحدة من ست دول تركية مستقلة في منطقة القوقاز في أوراسيا سُمِّيَتْ أذربيجان بهذا الاِسم؛ نِسبة إلی القائد العسكري أتروبيتس. وفي رواية أُخری تقول أنَّ الاِسم يعود إلی الدّيانة &ldquo;الزرادشتيّة القديمة&rdquo;. وذُكِرَتْ أذربيجان في النّصوص الجغرافيّة البهلويّة &ldquo;شهرستانيا أي إيرانشهر&rdquo; باِسم أدروباداجان، حيث تُعني في اللغة الفارسيّة الحديثة &ldquo;خازن النّار&rdquo; ومع مرور الزمن توسع المدلول الجغرافي لإسم أذربيجان وأطلق الساسانيون اسم اذربيجان على أراضيهم الشمالية التي تمتد لغاية سور دربند الذي اقاموه لسد غارات الخزر. تقع في مفترق الطرق بين أوروبا الشرقية وآسيا الغربية، ويحدها بحر قزوين إلى الشرق وروسيا من الشمال وجورجيا إلى الشمال الغربي وأرمينيا إلى الغرب وإيران في الجنوب، ويحد مكتنف ناخيتشيفان أرمينيا في الشمال والشرق وإيران إلى الجنوب والغرب بينما تحد تركيا بحدود قصيرة في الشمال الغربي. تحاط الوصائد كاركي ويوخاري أوسكيبارا وبروخودارلي وسوفولو بأرمينيا والتي تسيطر عليها منذ حرب ناغورني قره باغ (أرتساخ). أما منطقة ناغورني قره باغ (أرتساخ) ذات الأغلبية الأرمنية في الجنوب الغربي من أذربيجان أعلنت نفسها مستقلة من أذربيجان في عام 1991 لكن هذا الاستقلال لم يتم الاعتراف به دبلوماسياً من جانب أي دولة ولا تزال تعدّ جزءا من أذربيجان بحكم القانون تحتله القوات الأرمينية.</span></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>ويبلغ مجموع السكان في أذربيجان الـ<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>10,139,177 مليون نسمة لاحصائية (2020) ، يقطن 50 في المائة منهم في الريف، ويبلغ متوسط الكثافة السكانية 97 نسمة/كيلومتر مربع<sup>(<a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn4;\" title=\"\" href=\"file:///C:/Users/HP/Desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB%20%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1%20%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A.docx#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-special-character: footnote;\"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>)</sup>.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>وتمتلك علاقات دبلوماسية مع 158 دولة حتى الآن وتحمل عضوية 38 منظمة دولية. تحمل صفة مراقب في حركة عدم الانحياز ومنظمة التجارة العالمية ومراسل في الاتحاد الدولي للاتصالات. توجد جاليات أذربيجانية في 42 بلداً كما توجد العشرات من مراكز الأقليات العرقية داخل أذربيجان بما في ذلك (المجتمع الثقافي الألماني \"كارل هاوس\" والمركز الثقافي السلافي والمجتمع الأذربيجاني الإسرائيلي والمركز الثقافي الكردي ورابطة تاليش الدولية والمركز الليزغيني الوطني \"سمور\" والمجتمع الأذربيجاني التتري ومجتمع تتار القرم... الخ). في 9 آيار 2006 انتخبت أذربيجان لعضوية مجلس حقوق الإنسان المنشأ حديثاً من قبل الجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة. وبدأت فترة ولاية المجلس في 19 تموز 2006, وهي دولة ذات غالبية عرقية تركية ودينية مسلمة. الدولة رسمياً علمانية وجمهورية موحدة مع تراث ثقافي وتاريخي قديم. كانت أذربيجان أول محاولة لاقامة جمهورية ديموقراطية وعلمانية في العالم الإسلامي. بالإضافة لكونها أحد الأعضاء المؤسسين لمجموعة غوام ومنظمة حظر الأسلحة الكيميائية وانضمت إلى رابطة الدول المستقلة في أيلول / سبتمبر من عام 1993. يوجد مبعوث خاص للمفوضية الأوروبية في البلد، التي هي أيضاً عضو في الأمم المتحدة ومنظمة الأمن والتعاون في أوروبا ومجلس أوروبا وبرنامج الشراكة من أجل السلام لمنظمة حلف شمال الأطلسي.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">أولاً: التاريخ السياسي لجمهورية اذربيجان</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>أعلنت أذربيجان استقلالها عن الاتحاد السوفييتي السابق في 30 آب 1991، مع اعتلاء الأمين الأول السابق للحزب الشيوعي الأذربيجاني( أياز مطلبوف) سدّة الرئاسة, وفي أعقاب إحدى المذابح الأذربيجانية المرتكبة في خوجالي في ناغورنو-قاراباغ في مارس 1992، استقال مطلبوف وشهدت البلاد فترة من الهشاشة السياسية. أعاد الحرس القديم مطلبوف إلى السلطة في مايو 1992، ولكن بعد أقل من أسبوع، دفعت جهوده الرامية لتعليق الانتخابات الرئاسية المقررة وحظر كل الأنشطة السياسية (حزبَ الجبهة الشعبية الأذربيجانية) المعارض (بّي إف بّي) إلى تنظيم حركة مقاومة والاستيلاء على السلطة. جاء ضمن الإصلاحات التي طبقها حزب (بّي إف بّي) حلّ مجلس السوفييت الأعلى ذي الأغلبية الشيوعية ونقل مهامه إلى المجلس الأعلى للهيئة التشريعية المؤلف من خمسين عضوًا وهو المجلس الوطني الأذربيجاني.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">أسفرت الانتخابات التي أجريت في حزيران 1992 عن اختيار زعيم حزب (بّي إف بّي) أبو (الفاز الشيبي) رئيسًا ثانيًا للبلاد. أُجريت الانتخابات الرئاسية الوطنية التي ضمّت 7 مرشحين في 7 حزيران 1992 حيث انتُخب الشيبي رئيسًا لأذربيجان، وحصل على 54% من مجموع الأصوات وأصبح أول رئيس غير شيوعي لأذربيجان منتخب ديمقراطيًا. خلال صيف عام 1992، أمّن الشيبى انسحاب كامل للجيش السوفييتي من أذربيجان لتصبح الجمهورية السوفييتية السابقة الأولى والوحيدة (بعد دول البلطيق) لتخلو من الوجود العسكري السوفييتي. وفي الوقت عينه، أنشأت حكومة الشيبي سلاح البحرية الوطنية لبحر قزوين وتمكنت من التوصل إلى اتفاق مع روسيا بشأن استقبال ربع القوات البحرية السوفييتية لبحر قزوين الموجودة في باكو.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>منح المجلس الوطني صلاحيات رئاسية للمتحدث الرسمي الجديد (حيدر علييف)، الأمين الأول السابق للحزب الشيوعي الأذربيجاني (1969-1981) وعضو المكتب السياسي للاتحاد السوفييتي ولجنة أمن الدولة (كي جي بي) لاحقًا ونائب رئيس وزراء الاتحاد السوفيتي (حتى عام 1987). أُقيل الشيبي رسميًا من منصبه عبر استفتاء عام وطني في آب 1993 وانتُخب علييف لولاية رئاسية مدتها خمس سنوات في تشرين الاول مع معارضة رمزية فقط. فاز علييف في الانتخابات الرئاسية التي جرت في العام 1998. ووفقًا للنتائج التي خلص إليها تقرير المراقبة الانتخابية لمكتب المؤسسات الديمقراطية وحقوق الانسان التابع لمنظمة الأمن والتعاون في أوروبا (</span><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">OSCE ODIHR</span><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">) &laquo;أظهرت سلطات جمهورية أذربيجان إرادة سياسية واضحة لتحسين الممارسة الانتخابية في البلد تحسنًا كبيرًا, وقد بدأت الجهود المبذولة في هذا الاتجاه في أواخر ربيع عام 1998 باستعراض التشريع الانتخابي لوضعه على نحو يتماشى مع التزامات منظمة الأمن والتعاون في أوروبا، وبإلغاء الرقابة رسميًا في آب 1998 وبالموافقة النهائية على قانون الجنسية الجديد في أواخر ايلول 1998, وبهذه الطريقة استجابت السلطات بشكل إيجابي لدواعي القلق التي أثارها المجتمع الدولي، وأعربت عن استعدادها للوفاء بالمعايير الدولية في إدارة العملية الانتخابية&raquo;.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">ثانياً: المؤسسات الرسمية لجمهورية اذربيجان</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>تجري السياسة في أذربيجان ضمن إطار جمهورية شبه رئاسية إذ تنص المادة 7 من الدستور الاذربيجاني على أن( الدولة الأذربيجانية جمهورية ديمقراطية دستورية علمانية وحدوية, ولا يحد من سلطة الدولة في المسائل المحلية سوى القانون النافذ في البلاد. أما الشؤون الخارجية فهي تخضع للأحكام الناشئة عن المعاهدات الدولية التي تشكل جمهورية أذربيجان طرفاً فيها. وتستند سلطة الدولة في جمهورية أذربيجان إلى مبدأ توزيع السلطات على النحو التالي:</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;</span>(أ) السلطة التشريعية التي يمارسها المجلس الملّي (البرلمان).</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;</span>(ب) السلطة التنفيذية التي يضطلع بها رئيس جمهورية أذربيجان.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;</span>(ج) السلطة القضائية التي تضطلع بها المحاكم.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>وعملاً بأحكام الدستور تتفاعل السلطات التشريعية والتنفيذية والقضائية إحداها مع الأخرى وتظل مستقلة ضمن نطاق ولاية كل منها).</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\';\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">1-</span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">السلطة التشريعية</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">:</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-right: -2.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>المجلس الوطني المكون من مجلس واحد (مجلس الملي) ويتألف من 125 عضوا (نواب). يتم انتخاب النواب لمدة خمس سنوات من خلال انتخابات عامة ومتساوية ومباشرة ، ضمن نظام تصويت الأغلبية في الدوائر الانتخابية ذات المقعد الواحد. التصويت مجاني وفردي وسري.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-right: -2.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">يجوز أن يكون المرشحون من الترشيح الذاتي أو من قبل الأحزاب السياسية أو كتلتها أو مجموعات الناخبين. يحق</span><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">التصويت لجميع المواطنين الذين تزيد أعمارهم عن 18 عامًا ، باستثناء أولئك الذين تعترف المحكمة بعدم أهليتهم للتصويت. يجوز انتخاب كل مواطن لا يقل عمره عن 25 سنة مع بعض الاستثناءات<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>مثل (مثل الجنسية المزدوجة ، والمسؤوليات تجاه دولة أجنبية ، وحاصل على منصب في السلطتين التنفيذية أو القضائية ، أو الأنشطة المدفوعة الأجر - مع استثناءات معينة ، ممارسة مهنة دينية ، عدم الأهلية التي تؤكدها المحكمة ، الإدانة بجريمة خطيرة أو قضاء عقوبة). يتم التحقق من سلامة نتائج الانتخابات فيما يتعلق بكل مرشح من قبل المحكمة الدستورية ، ويتم تشكيل المجلس الملي بناءً على إقراره 83 نائباً. ويتبنى المجلس القوانين الدستورية والقوانين والقرارات التي تدخل في اختصاصه ، ويحكم تنظيمه الداخلي وسير عمله الدستور وقانون الموافقة على اللوائح الداخلية للبرلمان (قانون قواعد الإجراءات) وقانون اللجان الدائمة لمجلس النواب. ينتخب المجلس أعضاء إحدى عشرة لجنة دائمة ولجنتين (تأديبية). يتم توفير الدعم التنظيمي والتحليلي واللوجستي لعملهم من قبل مكتب البرلمان. أما جمهورية ناختشيفان المتمتعة بالحكم الذاتي (</span><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">NAR</span><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">) هي جزء من أذربيجان مع برلمانها المنتخب (المجلس الأعلى) الذي يتألف من 45 نائبًا. يتم تنظيم انتخابات المجلس الأعلى بموجب دستور </span><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">NAR</span><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">. يعقد مجلس الملّي في جمهورية أذربيجان دورتين منتظمتين في الربيع والخريف. يقوم رئيس المجلس الملي باستدعاء دورات استثنائية للمجلس الملّي لجمهورية أذربيجان بناء على طلب رئيس جمهورية أذربيجان أو 42 نائبًا من المجلس الملي. يقوم الذين استدعوا هذه الجلسة بإعداد جدول أعمال الدورة الاستثنائية. بعد مناقشة مسائل جدول الأعمال تنتهي الدورة الاستثنائية. يكون اجتماع جلسات المجلس المِلّي لجمهورية أذربيجان متاح أمام الجمهور. ويجوز إغلاق جلسة المجلس المِلّي أمام الجمهور بناء على طلب 83 عضوًا في البرلمان أو بناءً على اقتراح من رئيس جمهورية أذربيجان. يترأس الاجتماع رئيس المجلس المِلّي بمساعدة النائب المتحدث الأول لرئيس المجلس ونائبين للرئيس.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\';\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">2-</span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">السلطة التنفيذية</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">:</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpLast\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; margin: 0in -2.9pt .0001pt 0in;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>وفقاً لدستور جمهورية أذربيجان، يُعتبر رئيس جمهورية أذربيجان رأسًا للدولة وبيده السلطة التنفيذية. يمثل رئيس جمهورية أذربيجان البلد في الشؤون الداخلية والخارجية. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">يُنتخب الرئيس في أذربيجان لمدة سبع سنوات على أساس الاقتراع العام. ويحق لأي مواطن من مواطني جمهورية أذربيجان أن يدلي بصوته ويمكن لأي مواطن مقيم في إقليم أذربيجان منذ أكثر من 10 سنوات وحاصل على درجة تعليم عالٍ ولا يحمل جنسية مزدوجة ولا التزامات تجاه الدول الأخرى وأيضًا ألا يكون قد أُدين بجريمة خطيرة أن يترشح للرئاسة.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">يُطرح قرار إقالة رئيس جمهورية أذربيجان على الجمعية الوطنية بناءً على مبادرة من المحكمة الدستورية بالاستناد إلى قرار المحكمة العليا. يتم تبني القرار الخاص بإقالة الرئيس بنسبة أغلبية (95/125) من أصوات نواب الجمعية الوطنية ويوقع رئيس المحكمة الدستورية عليه خلال 7 أيام.. واختصاصات الرئيس هي:</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">-تعيين نواب الرئيس وعزلهم.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">-انتخاب الجمعية الوطنية لجمهورية أذربيجان.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">-إحالة ميزانية الدولة والمذهب العسكري إلى الجمعية الوطنية للموافقة عليها.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">-الموافقة على البرامج الاقتصادية والاجتماعية.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">-تعيين رئيس وزراء جمهورية أذربيجان وعزله (بموافقة مجلس المِلّي).</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">-تقديم مقترحات إلى الجمعية الوطنية بشأن تعيين قضاة المحكمة الدستورية العليا<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>ومحكمة الاستئناف والمحاكم الأخرى في جمهورية أذربيجان.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">-تعيين المدعي العام لجمهورية أذربيجان وعزله (بموافقة مجلس المِلّي).</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">-إنشاء هيئات تنفيذية محلية ومركزية.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">-تشكيل أو حل مجلس وزراء جمهورية أذربيجان.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">-تعيين أعضاء مجلس وزراء جمهورية أذربيجان وعزلهم.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">-إلغاء قرار مجلس الوزراء.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">-تعيين وعزل هيئة قيادة القوات المسلحة لجمهورية أذربيجان.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">-تشكيل إدارة رئيس جمهورية أذربيجان.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">-تعيين رئيس إدارة رئيس جمهورية أذربيجان.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">-تشكيل مجلس الأمن في جمهورية أذربيجان.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">-الدعوة الى الاستفتاء.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">-الدعوة الى انتخابات مبكرة.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">-العفو عن السجناء.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">-مكافأة بالجوائز والمناصب.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">-التوقيع على القوانين ونشرها.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">-إعلان حالة الطوارئ والأحكام العرفية.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">-إعلان الحرب وإبرام السلام (بموافقة المجلس المِلّي).</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\';\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">3-</span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">السلطة القضائية:</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpLast\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-right: 4.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>وتنص المادة 125 من الدستور، على أن السلطة القضائية في أذربيجان تمارسها المحاكم وحدها وعلى أساس الإجراءات المتعارف عليها. وتتألف المحاكم من المحكمة الدستورية، والمحكمة العليا، والمحكمة الاقتصادية والمحاكم العامة والخاصة.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">المحور الثاني: جمهورية ارمينيا</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>عُرِفَت أرمينيا علی مرّ العصور بالعديد مِن الأسماء، حيث كان اِسمها قديماً &ldquo;هايك&rdquo;. وتمَّ تغييره ليُصبح &ldquo;هاياستان&rdquo; وكلمة ستان بالإيرانيّة تُعني الأرض. وبعد ذلك وُجِدَ في النّقوش الفارسيّة اِسم أرمنيا وفي النّقوش اليونانيّة اِسم الأرمن، حيث يُشيران كليهما إلی مَنطِقة أرمينيا الحاليّة.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>تقع الجمهورية الأرمينيّة في منطقة القوقاز في أوراسيا، وتحديداً عند نقطة تلاقي الغرب الأوروبي مع الشرق الآسيوي، حيث تقع إلى الجنوب من شرق تركيا وإلى الجنوب من جورجيا وإلى الغرب من جمهورية ناغورتي كاراباخ وأذربيجان، وإلى الشمال من إيران. كانت أرمينيا سابقاً تابعة للاتحاد السوفيتي</span><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;\"> و</span><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">حصلت على استقلالها من الاتحاد السوفيتي، في 21 ايلول 1991. . وقُدِّر عدد سكان دولة أرمينيا في عام 2019 بنحو 2.96 مليون شخص، وتقع في ترتيب السّكّان في العالم في المرتبة 137 .</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">أولاً: التاريخ السياسي لارمينيا</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>في عام 1991، انهار الاتحاد السوفياتي واستعادت أرمينيا استقلالها. أعلن الاستقلال في 23 أب من العام نفسه <span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;</span>وكانت أول جمهورية خارج البلطيق تعلن الانفصال. ومع ذلك، شهدت السنوات الأولى بعد انهيار الاتحاد السوفيتي صعوبات اقتصادية فضلاً عن التطور التدريجي للمواجهات المسلحة واسعة النطاق بين الأرمن في قرة باغ وأذربيجان. كان للمشاكل الاقتصادية جذورها في بدايات نزاع ناغورني عندما تمكنت الجبهة الشعبية الأذربيجانية من الضغط على جمهورية أذربيجان الاشتراكية السوفياتية للتحريض على حصار جوي وعبر السكك الحديدية ضد أرمينيا. أدى هذا التحرك إلى شل اقتصاد أرمينيا حيث أن 85٪ من البضائع والسلع كانت تصلها عبر حركة السكك الحديدية. في عام 1993، انضمت تركيا إلى الحصار المفروض على أرمينيا دعماً لأذربيجان. انتهت حرب قرة باغ بعد وساطة روسية لوقف إطلاق النار في عام 1994. كانت الحرب نجاحاً لقوات كاراباخ الأرمنية التي تمكنت من السيطرة على 14٪ من أراضي أذربيجان المعترف بها دولياً بما في ذلك ناغورني كاراباخ نفسها. ومنذ ذلك الحين، عقدت أرمينيا وأذربيجان محادثات سلام توسطت فيها منظمة الأمن والتعاون في أوروبا. ولم يتحدد وضع قرة باغ بعد. تأذى اقتصادا البلدين لعدم وجود حل كامل وتبقى حدود أرمينيا مغلقة مع تركيا وأذربيجان. مع الاتفاق على وقف إطلاق النار بين أذربيجان وأرمينيا عام 1994، كان قد قتل ما يقدر بنحو 30,000 شخص وشرد أكثر من مليون. مع دخول أرمينيا القرن الحادي والعشرين فإنها تواجه العديد من المصاعب. مع ذلك فقد تمكنت من إجراء بعض التحسينات. نجحت البلاد في إكمال التحول إلى اقتصاد السوق وفي عام 2009 كانت الدولة رقم 31 الأكثر حرية اقتصادية في العالم. سمحت علاقات أرمينيا مع أوروبا والشرق الأوسط ورابطة الدول المستقلة بزيادة التجارة. يصل الغاز والنفط وغيرها من اللوازم عن طريقين حيويين هما إيران وجورجيا، وتحافظ أرمينيا على علاقات ودية مع كلا البلدين.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">ثانياً: المؤسسات الرسمية لارمينيا</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>في كانون الأول 2015، عقد استفتاء لتحويل أرمينيا من نظام شبه الرئاسي الى جمهورية برلمانية, ونتيجة لذلك، تم تجريد الرئيس من حق النقض ولا يُسمح للرئيس أن يكون عضواً في أي حزب سياسي ويُحظر إعادة الانتخاب. وبسبب التأثيرات الفورية، خفضت التعديلات عدد المقاعد البرلمانية من 131 إلى 101 أما المؤسسات الرسمية فتتكون من:</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\';\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">1-<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp; </span></span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">السلطة التشريعية: </span></strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">تتكون السلطة التشريعية في أرمينيا من مجلس واحد، هو المجلس الوطني (أو البرلمان)، ويتكون من 131 مقعداً، ويختار أعضاؤه بالاقتراع الشعبي (90 عضواً من قوائم الأحزاب، و41 عضواً بالاقتراع المباشر)، وذلك لفترة مدتها 5 سنوات.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\';\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">2-<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">السلطة التنفيذية:</span></strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> تتكون السلطة التنفيذية من رئيس الجمهورية ( رمزيا) ورئيس الوزراء . يُنتخب الرئيس بالاقتراع الشعبي المباشر لمدة رئاسة خمس سنوات (قابلة للتجديد لفترة ثانية).</span><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">أما رئيس الوزراء فيعينه رئيس الجمهورية، بناءً على أغلبية أو إجماع الأصوات في البرلمان. على رئيس الوزراء ومجلس الوزراء، الاستقالة في حالة رفض المجلس الوطني لبرنامجهم.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\';\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">3-<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">السلطة القضائية:</span></strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> تتمثل السلطة القضائية في أرمينيا في: المحكمة الدستورية، ومحكمة الاستئناف.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; margin: 0in -2.9pt .0001pt 0in;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">المحور الثالث : ابعاد العلاقة الاذربيجانية-الارمينية</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; margin: 0in -2.9pt .0001pt 0in;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>تبدأ جذور الصراع في عشرينيات القرن الماضي خلال الحقبة السوفيتية إبان حكم( جوزيف ستالين). فقد بدأت الأمور في الاشتعال بمجرد أن أقدمت السلطة السوفيتية عام 1932 على ضم الأقلية الأرمينية في الإقليم للحدود الآذرية.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>في المقابل، تركت الأقلية الأذربيجانية معزولة في إقليم &ldquo;ناختشيفان&rdquo;، داخل جمهورية أرمينيا. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك منحت الدولة السوفيتية للإقليم الحق في الحكم الذاتي مع تبعيته لأذربيجان مما ساهم في تحويله إلى قنبلة موقوتة آيلة للانفجار في أي لحظة. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; margin: 0in -2.9pt .0001pt 0in;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>وتُجدد الاشتباكات الحالية بين أرمينيا وأذربيجان، في الأذهان ذكريات أولى الضربات القوية التي وُجهت إلى وحدة أراضي الاتحاد السوفيتي. إذ أن كلا البلدان كانتا جزءًا من الأراضي السوفيتية. وبحلول فبراير 1988 بالتزامن مع بوادر انهيار الاتحاد السوفيتي، كان هناك حالة من القلق العميق تستمر لأشهر في منطقة &ndash;ناجورني كارباخ- المتنازع على سيادتها بين البلدين. تلي ذلك أن بدأت صراعات على أساس عرقي في الاندلاع، ترتب عليها أن ناشد البرلمان المحلي &ndash;للمنطقة التي كانت تخضع لحكم ذاتي آنذاك- الرئيس الروسي آنذاك (ميخائيل جورباتشوف)، وطالب بنقل سلطة الحكم الذاتي من تحت لواء جمهورية أذربيجان الاشتراكية السوفيتية إلى أرمينيا, وسرعان ما اعترض القادة الآذريون لدى موسكو، واشتعلت الاشتباكات بين الطرفين والتي تحولت بسرعة مدهشة إلى حرب أهلية تركت قتلى وجرحى ولاجئين لدى الطرفين. كما ازدادت الأمور تعقيدًا بعد أن أعلن المجلس السوفيتي الأرمني عن توحيد إقليم ناجورني كارباخ تحت العلم الأرمني. وبعد تفكك الاتحاد السوفيتي في 1991، أعلن انفصاليو الإقليم عن استقلالهم عن أذربيجان ورفضهم الانضمام إلى أرمينيا. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; margin: 0in -2.9pt .0001pt 0in;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>بعد ذلك، زودت أرمينيا مقاتلي كارباخ بالسلاح والرجال، وتوغلت قواتها بعد ذلك داخل أذربيجان. واحتلت الشريط الجغرافي المُسمى &ndash;رواق لاجين-<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>بالإضافة إلى أراضي 6 مقاطعات أخرى شرق وجنوب كارباخ. ترتب على كل هذه التحركات أن فر في 1993 مئات الآلاف من السكان الآذريين من مساكنهم هربًا من توغل القوات الأرمينية. وفي 1994، قبلت جميع الأطراف بما فيها أذربيجان التوقيع على اتفاقية لوقف إطلاق النار والاحتكام إلى المفاوضات السلمية، وكان الوسيط الرئيسي في المفاوضات هو الاتحاد الأوروبي.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; margin: 0in -2.9pt .0001pt 0in;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>تجدر الإشارة كذلك إلى أن أرمينيا كانت قد ضمنت لنفسها سيطرة كاملة ليس فقط على جزء شاسع من كارباخ ولكن أيضًا عبر العديد من المناطق الواقعة بينها وبين أذربيجان، خلال حربها مع أذربيجان في أوائل التسعينيات. وهو الشيء الذي لم تتقبله أذربيجان بسلاسة أبدًا، خاصة في ظل القانون الدولي الذي لايزال معترفًا بأن &ndash;ناجورني كارباخ- هي جزء من الأراضي الآذرية. واستمر الأمر على ما هو عليه، في ظل قناعات مستقرة في نفوس الآذريين بأنهم سوف يستردون أراضيهم المفقودة عاجلًا أم آجلًا، يقابلها ثقة كبيرة في النفس من قِبَل الأرمن العازمين على الاحتفاظ بالأرض في حوزتهم إلى الأبد. فيما تندلع المناوشات الحدودية بين البلدين من وقت لآخر منذ التوقيع على اتفاقية وقف إطلاق النار، وفي الكثير من الأحيان تتصاعد لتبلغ وقوع أعمال عدائية أكثر خطورة كان آخرها في عام 2016. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; margin: 0in -2.9pt .0001pt 0in;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>وعلى الرغم من أن الإقليم ليس به نفط أو غاز يُثير مطامع احتلال وسيطرة، فإن موقعه وتضاريسه الجبلية تمنحه ميزة استراتيجية لأرمينيا على أذربيجان الغنية بالنفط والغاز، ويعمل سكانه بصورة رئيسة في الزراعة، مستفيدين من تعدد الأنهار ومياه الأمطار التي تهطل صيفاً في الري وتوليد الطاقة الكهربائية، كما يمارس بعضهم أنشطة اقتصادية من قبيل التنمية الحيوانية والصناعات الخفيفة. ويشبه الإقليم أرمينيا أكثر من أذربيجان من حيث اعتماد اقتصاده على الزراعة وصناعة التعدين، حيث إن جباله غنية بالمعادن الثمينة وشبه الثمينة مثل الذهب والنحاس. وتُعد أرمينيا الشريك التجاري الرئيس لإقليم ناغورنو قره باغ. أذ تحرص أذربيجان، بدعم من حليفتها القوية تركيا، منذ توقيع اتفاق السلام بينها وبين جارتها أرمينيا عام 1994، على ألا تستفيد جارتها من أي مشروعات إقليمية، خاصة ما يتعلق بأنابيب النفط والغاز إلى أوروبا. وتمر تلك الخطوط عبر الحدود بين أذربيجان وجورجيا، ثم إلى تركيا.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; margin: 0in -2.9pt .0001pt 0in;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>وتعاني أرمينيا حصاراً اقتصادياً بإغلاق الحدود بينها وبين أذربيجان من ناحية، وبينها وبين تركيا من ناحية أخرى، ولا يبقى لها سوى حدود قصيرة مع إيران جنوباً وجورجيا شمالاً. وبالتالي تُعتبر أرمينيا، ومعها إقليم ناغورنو قره باغ، في وضع اقتصادي صعب منذ سنوات لعدم وجود أي منفذ بحري لها مثلما لجيرانها كلهم وللتضييق على حدودها الأطول مع الجارتين المعاديتين.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; margin: 0in -2.9pt .0001pt 0in;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">وبينما تعتمد أذربيجان على صادرات النفط والغاز كمصدر رئيس للدخل (تشكل صادرات الطاقة نحو 90 في المئة من صادرات أذربيجان)، تعتمد أرمينيا على صادرات المعادن الثمينة وغير الثمينة والآلات والمعدات وصقل الماس. فقطاع الصناعة مكون رئيس في الناتج المحلي الإجمالي لأرمينيا، البالغ نحو 14 مليار دولار. وعلى الرغم من أن الناتج المحلي الإجمالي لأذربيجان يزيد على 47 مليار دولار، فإن نصيب الفرد من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي في البلدين يكاد يكون هو نفسه عند 4.6 ألف دولار. ويبلغ عدد سكان أذربيجان نحو 10 ملايين نسمة، بينما عدد سكان أرمينيا لا يزيد على 3 ملايين نسمة . أما إقليم ناغورنو قره باغ<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>نفسه فلا يصل الناتج المحلي الإجمالي له إلى مليار دولار (في العام الماضي 2019 كان أكثر قليلاً من 710 ملايين دولار)، وعدد سكان الإقليم نحو 150 ألف نسمة. ومثله مثل أرمينيا اعتمد الإقليم على السياحة لما يحويه من آثار قديمة وغابات جبلية، لكن ذلك كله توقف تقريباً مع انتشار وباء فيروس كورونا (كوفيد-19)، كما هو الحال مع أرمينيا أيضا.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; margin: 0in -2.9pt .0001pt 0in;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; margin: 0in -2.9pt .0001pt 0in;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; margin: 0in -2.9pt .0001pt 0in;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; margin: 0in -2.9pt .0001pt 0in;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">الخاتمة:</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; margin: 0in -2.9pt .0001pt 0in;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>ليست هناك إغراءات اقتصادية تثير المطامع في إقليم ناغورنو قره باغ ، إنما هي فقط أهميته الاستراتيجية، رغم أن احتلال أذربيجان له لن يحل مشكلة أنها بلا حدود برية مع تركيا. وعلى الرغم من أن الحرب تُعتبر ذات تأثير سلبي أكبر على أرمينيا، لما يتعرض له اقتصادها من ضغوط زادت مع أزمة وباء كورونا، فإن أذربيجان أيضاً لديها نقطة ضعف تتمثل في خطوط أنابيب النفط والغاز من أراضيها إلى جورجيا.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; margin: 0in -2.9pt .0001pt 0in;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>وما يمكن أن نفهمه من موقف تركيا، هو أن أردوغان يستخدمها كذريعة مبدئية لأجل التدخل لصالح دعم حليفه الرئيس (إلهام علييف) أولاً، وثانيًا ما سوف يلي تضخم النزاع وتضخم حجم الدعم التركي وتمدد نفوذه في تلك المنطقة الحيوية. بالشكل الذي يساعده على إعادة إحياء نفوذه العثماني الذي امتد قديمًا عبر مناطق شاسعة من القارة. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، يرى (أردوغان) في تأجيج هذا الخلاف في الوقت الحالي ما يُرضيه من إثارة توترات في منطقة النفوذ الروسي الجيوسياسي، والتسبب في المزيد من المتاعب لروسيا التي تربطه بها في الوقت الراهن مواقف خلافية في جبهات صراع أخرى مثل ليبيا.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; margin: 0in -2.9pt .0001pt 0in;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>أما ميل إيران نحو أرمينيا وتُفضلها على أذربيجان ، يأتي على رأسها أن إيران تنظر لأرمينيا باعتبارها الشريك الاستراتيجي الأول لها في منطقة جنوب القوقاز. كما أن البلدين يرتبطان ببعضهما البعض بشركات تجارية مميزة يتخللها تعاون في مجالات الطاقة. وتحتاج يريفيان إلى طهران لما تستورده منها النفط والغاز في حين تعتبر أذربيجان منافس لطهران في مجال تصدير مواد الطاقة. ويُعد خط أنابيب نقل الغاز الإيراني إلى أرمينيا والذي كان الرئيس الإيراني السابق (محمود أحمدي نجاد) قد عده من أبرز أوجه التعاون بين البلدين.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; margin: 0in -2.9pt .0001pt 0in;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>أما اوكرانيا<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>فقد دعت أرمينيا إلى ضرورة احترام السيادة الأذربيجانية على أراضيها. وهو موقف يُفهم في ضوء اعتبار أوكرانيا أن &ndash;شبه جزيرة القرم- أرض محتلة من قِبَل روسيا. وكذا الحال بين أذربيجان التي تنظر إليها أوكرانيا بعين نفس الموقف وهو أن جزءًا من أراضيها محتل من قبل طرف آخر. هذا بالاضافة الى إن اذربيجان وعلى خلاف أرمينيا لديها ما تقدمه لأوكرانيا، يأتي النفط أولاً وقبل أي شيء، وثانيًا كثرة شراكات الأعمال الآذرية مع أوكرانيا.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; margin: 0in -2.9pt .0001pt 0in;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; margin: 0in -2.9pt .0001pt 0in;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>', '', 42);
INSERT INTO `version_translations` (`id`, `locale`, `title`, `description`, `content`, `tags`, `version_id`) VALUES
(82, 'en', 'The Azerbaijani-Armenian Relationship: A Study of Geopolitical Indications and Dimensions', 'he Azerbaijani-Armenian crisis is witnessing regional and international complications, based on the alliances and relations enjoyed by the two parties, in light of the current war be....', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: center; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\', sans-serif;\">The Azerbaijani-Armenian Relationship: A Study of Geopolitical Indications and Dimensions</span></strong></span></p>\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"> </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"color: #3598db;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Seema Ali Mahdi</span></strong></span></p>\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"color: #3598db;\"> </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">the introduction:</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The Azerbaijani-Armenian crisis is witnessing regional and international complications, based on the alliances and relations enjoyed by the two parties, in light of the current war between them, in the Nagorno-Karabakh region, which is controlled by Armenian separatists, in addition to adjacent Azeri regions occupied by Armenia, and the interests of the supporters of the two teams intertwine. , most notably Turkey, which supports Azerbaijan, and Russia, which supports Armenia - a history burdened with massacres and disputes extending from religious and national affiliation to the corridors of oil pipelines. However, history alone does not explain why hostilities broke out in such a violent and sudden manner. This is because skirmishes were not without intensity, in the seam areas between Azerbaijan and the Nagorno-Karabakh region, which is located within its territory and which is inhabited by an Armenian majority (the internationally unrecognized Republic of Artsakh), especially in 2016; In addition to a permanent state of tension between Armenia and Azerbaijan due to the failure to reach a settlement that addresses the aftermath of the war in the 1990s, such as the return of refugees and the region remaining outside the authority of Baku despite the international recognition of its sovereignty over it.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The first axis: the Republic of Azerbaijan</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Azerbaijan (Azeri: Az</span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif;\">ə</span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">rbaycan) or officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azeri: Az</span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif;\">ə</span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">rbaycan Respublikas</span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;\">ı</span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\"> Azerbaijan Respublikas</span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;\">ı</span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">) is one of the six independent Turkic states in the Caucasus region of Eurasia, to which Azerbaijan is named; Named after the military commander Atropitus. In another narration, it says that the name refers to the &ldquo;ancient Zoroastrian&rdquo; religion. Azerbaijan was mentioned in the Pahlavi geographical texts &ldquo;Shahristaniya, i.e., Iranshahr&rdquo; under the name of Adrobadajan, which in the modern Persian language means &ldquo;the storekeeper of fire&rdquo; (). Khazars ( ). Located at the crossroads between Eastern Europe and Western Asia, it is bordered by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south. Nakhichevan enclave borders Armenia to the north and east, Iran to the south and west, while Turkey is bordered by a short border to the northwest. The fortresses of Karki, Yokhari Uskipara, Prokhodarli and Suffolu are surrounded by Armenia, which has been controlled by Armenia since the Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh) war. As for the Nagorno-Karabakh region (Artsakh), with an Armenian majority in the southwest of Azerbaijan, it declared itself independent from Azerbaijan in 1991, but this independence was not recognized diplomatically by any country and is still considered part of Azerbaijan de jure occupied by Armenian forces.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The total population of Azerbaijan is 10,139,177 million according to statistics (2020), 50 percent of whom live in rural areas, and the average population density is 97 people / square kilometer.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\"> </span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">It has diplomatic relations with 158 countries so far and holds membership in 38 international organizations. Observer status in the Non-Aligned Movement and the World Trade Organization and correspondent in the International Telecommunication Union. There are Azerbaijani communities in 42 countries, and there are dozens of ethnic minority centers within Azerbaijan, including (the German Cultural Society \"Karl Haus\", the Slavic Cultural Center, the Azerbaijani-Israeli Community, the Kurdish Cultural Center, the International Talysh Association, the National Lezghin Center \"Sumur\", the Azerbaijani Tatar community, the Crimean Tatar community ...etc). On May 9, 2006, Azerbaijan was elected to the newly established Human Rights Council by the United Nations General Assembly. The Council\'s term began on July 19, 2006, and it is a country with a Turkish ethnic and religious majority. The country is officially secular and a unitary republic with an ancient cultural and historical heritage. Azerbaijan was the first attempt to establish a democratic and secular republic in the Islamic world. In addition to being a founding member of GUAM and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, it joined the Commonwealth of Independent States in September of 1993. There is a special envoy of the European Commission in the country, which is also a member of the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Council of Europe, and the Partnership for Peace of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">First: the political history of the Republic of Azerbaijan </span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Azerbaijan declared its independence from the former Soviet Union on August 30, 1991, with the former First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan (Ayaz Mutalibov) assuming the presidency, and in the aftermath of one of the Azerbaijani massacres committed in Khojaly in Nagorno-Karabakh in March 1992, Mutalibov resigned and the country witnessed a period of fragility political. The old guard returned Mutalibov to power in May 1992, but less than a week later, his efforts to suspend the scheduled presidential elections and ban all political activities prompted the opposition (Azerbaijan Popular Front Party) (BFP) to organize a resistance movement and seize power. Among the reforms implemented by the BFP party was the dissolution of the Supreme Council of Soviets, which has a communist majority, and the transfer of its functions to the Supreme Council of the Legislative Body, consisting of fifty members, which is the Azerbaijani National Assembly.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Elections held in June 1992 resulted in the selection of BFP leader Abu (Al-Faz Al-Shaibi) as the country\'s second president. National presidential elections with 7 candidates were held on June 7, 1992 in which Elchibey was elected President of Azerbaijan, receiving 54% of the total votes and becoming the first democratically elected non-communist President of Azerbaijan. During the summer of 1992, Elchibey secured the complete withdrawal of the Soviet army from Azerbaijan, making it the first and only former Soviet republic (after the Baltic states) to be devoid of a Soviet military presence. At the same time, the Shebey government established the Caspian National Navy and managed to reach an agreement with Russia to receive a quarter of the Soviet Caspian Navy stationed in Baku.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\"> </span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The National Assembly granted presidential powers to the new spokesperson (Heydar Aliyev), former First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan (1969-1981), member of the Politburo of the USSR and the State Security Committee (KGB), and later Deputy Prime Minister of the USSR (until 1987). Elchibey was formally removed from office by national referendum in August 1993, and Aliyev was elected to a five-year term in October with only a token opposition. Aliyev won the presidential elections that took place in 1998. According to the findings of the OSCE ODIHR electoral monitoring report, &ldquo;The authorities of the Republic of Azerbaijan showed a clear political will to significantly improve electoral practice in the country, Efforts in this direction began in the late spring of 1998 with a review of electoral legislation to bring it in line with OSCE commitments, with the official abolition of censorship in August 1998 and with the final approval of the new nationality law in late September 1998, and in this way the authorities responded positively. due to the concerns raised by the international community, and expressed its readiness to meet international standards in managing the electoral process.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Second: The official institutions of the Republic of Azerbaijan</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Politics in Azerbaijan takes place within the framework of a semi-presidential republic, as Article 7 of the Azerbaijani Constitution stipulates that (the Azerbaijani state is a democratic, constitutional, secular, unitary republic, and the authority of the state in local matters is limited only by the law in force in the country. As for foreign affairs, they are subject to the provisions arising from treaties State authority in the Republic of Azerbaijan is based on the principle of distributing powers as follows:</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>(a)</span></strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\"> The legislative power exercised by the Milli Majlis (Parliament).</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span><strong>(b)</strong> Executive power is vested in the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>(c)</span></strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\"> The judicial power exercised by the courts.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Pursuant to the provisions of the Constitution, the legislative, executive and judicial powers interact with one another and remain independent within the scope of their respective mandates.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">1- The Legislative Authority:</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The unicameral National Assembly (the Milli Majlis) consists of 125 members (deputies). Representatives are elected for five-year terms through general, equal and direct elections, within a system of majority voting in single-seat constituencies. Voting is free, individual and confidential.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\"> </span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Candidates may be self-nominated or nominated by political parties, blocs or groups of voters. All citizens over the age of 18 have the right to vote, except for those who are recognized by the court as ineligible to vote. Every citizen who is at least 25 years of age may be elected with some exceptions (such as dual citizenship, responsibilities to a foreign country, holder of office in the executive or judicial branches, paid activities - with certain exceptions, practicing a religious profession, ineligibility confirmed by Court, conviction of a serious crime or serving a sentence). The validity of the election results with regard to each candidate is verified by the Constitutional Court, and the Milli Majlis is formed based on its approval by 83 deputies. The Council adopts constitutional laws, laws, and decisions that fall within its competence, and its internal organization and workflow are governed by the Constitution, the Law of Approval of the Parliament&rsquo;s Internal Regulations (Procedure Rules Law) and the Law of Permanent Committees of the House of Representatives. The Council elects the members of eleven standing committees and two (disciplinary) committees. Organizational, analytical and logistical support for their work is provided by the Parliamentary Office. The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (NAR) is part of Azerbaijan with its own elected parliament (Upper House) consisting of 45 deputies. Elections to the Supreme Council are regulated by the NAR Constitution. The Milli Majlis of the Republic of Azerbaijan holds two regular sessions in spring and autumn. The Chairman of the Milli Majlis convokes extraordinary sessions of the Milli Majlis of the Republic of Azerbaijan at the request of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan or 42 deputies of the Milli Majlis. Those who called this session prepare the agenda for the special session. After discussion of the issues on the agenda, the special session ends. The sessions of the Milli Majlis of the Republic of Azerbaijan shall be open to the public. The Milli Majlis session may be closed to the public at the request of the 83 members of Parliament or upon the proposal of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The meeting is chaired by the Milli Majlis Speaker with the assistance of the deputy first speaker of the Majlis and two vice-chairmen.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">2- Executive Authority:</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">According to the Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan is the head of the state and has the executive power. The President of the Republic of Azerbaijan represents the country in internal and external affairs.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\"> </span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The President of Azerbaijan is elected for a seven-year term on the basis of universal suffrage. Any citizen of the Republic of Azerbaijan has the right to vote, and any citizen who has resided on the territory of Azerbaijan for more than 10 years, has a higher education, does not have dual citizenship, has no obligations to other countries, and has not been convicted of a serious crime can run for president.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\"> </span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The decision to dismiss the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan is submitted to the National Assembly on the initiative of the Constitutional Court based on the decision of the Supreme Court. The decision to dismiss the president is adopted by a majority (95/125) of the votes of the deputies of the National Assembly, and the president of the Constitutional Court signs it within 7 days.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The president\'s terms of reference are:</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in 0in 8.0pt .5in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&middot;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Appointing and dismissing vice presidents.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in 0in 8.0pt .5in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&middot;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Election of the National Assembly of the Republic of Azerbaijan.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in 0in 8.0pt .5in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&middot;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Referring the state budget and military doctrine to the National Assembly for approval.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in 0in 8.0pt .5in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&middot;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Approval of economic and social programmes.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in 0in 8.0pt .5in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&middot;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Appointment and dismissal of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Azerbaijan (with the approval of the Milli Majlis).</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in 0in 8.0pt .5in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&middot;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Submission of proposals to the National Assembly regarding the appointment of judges of the Supreme Constitutional Court, the Court of Appeal and other courts of the Republic of Azerbaijan.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in 0in 8.0pt .5in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&middot;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Appointment and dismissal of the Prosecutor General of the Republic of Azerbaijan (with the approval of the Milli Majlis).</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in 0in 8.0pt .5in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&middot;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Establish local and central executive bodies.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in 0in 8.0pt .5in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&middot;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Formation or dissolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in 0in 8.0pt .5in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&middot;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Appointment and dismissal of members of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in 0in 8.0pt .5in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&middot;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Cancellation of the decision of the Council of Ministers.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in 0in 8.0pt .5in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&middot;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Appointment and dismissal of the command staff of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in 0in 8.0pt .5in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&middot;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Formation of the administration of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in 0in 8.0pt .5in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&middot;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Appointment of the head of the administration of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in 0in 8.0pt .5in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&middot;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Formation of the Security Council in the Republic of Azerbaijan.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in 0in 8.0pt .5in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&middot;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Calling for a referendum.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in 0in 8.0pt .5in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&middot;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Calling for early elections.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in 0in 8.0pt .5in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&middot;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Pardoning prisoners.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in 0in 8.0pt .5in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&middot;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Rewarding with prizes and positions.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in 0in 8.0pt .5in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&middot;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Signing and publishing laws.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in 0in 8.0pt .5in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&middot;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Declaring a state of emergency and martial law.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpLast\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in 0in 8.0pt .5in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&middot;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Declaring war and concluding peace (with the approval of the Milli Majlis).</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">3- The judiciary:</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Article 125 of the Constitution states that judicial power in Azerbaijan is exercised by the courts alone and on the basis of accepted procedures. The courts consist of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Economic Court, and the general and special courts.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The second axis: the Republic of Armenia</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Armenia has been known throughout the ages by many names, as its ancient name was &ldquo;Haik&rdquo;. And it was changed to become &ldquo;Hayastan&rdquo;, and the word Stan in Iranian means land. After that, the name of Armenia was found in Persian inscriptions and in Greek inscriptions the name of the Armenians, as both refer to the region of present-day Armenia .</span><span dir=\"RTL\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\"> </span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The Republic of Armenia is located in the Caucasus region of Eurasia, specifically at the meeting point of the European West with the Asian East, as it is located to the southeast of Turkey, to the south of Georgia, to the west of the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan, and to the north of Iran. Armenia was formerly affiliated with the Soviet Union and gained its independence from the Soviet Union on September 21, 1991.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\"> </span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The population of Armenia in 2019 was estimated at 2.96 million people, and it is ranked 137th in the world population ranking.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">First: the political history of Armenia </span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">In 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed and Armenia regained its independence. It declared independence on August 23 of the same year and was the first republic outside the Baltic to declare separation. However, the first years after the collapse of the Soviet Union witnessed economic difficulties as well as the gradual development of large-scale armed confrontations between the Armenians of Karabakh and Azerbaijan. The economic problems had their roots in the beginnings of the Nagorny conflict when the Azerbaijani People\'s Front managed to pressure the Azerbaijan SSR into instigating an air and rail blockade against Armenia. This move crippled Armenia\'s economy as 85% of goods and commodities were arriving through rail traffic. In 1993, T</span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;\">&uuml;</span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">rkiye joined the blockade of Armenia in support of Azerbaijan. The Karabakh war ended after a Russian mediation of a cease-fire in 1994. The war was a success for the Karabakh Armenian forces, who managed to control 14% of the internationally recognized territory of Azerbaijan, including Nagorno-Karabakh itself. Since then, Armenia and Azerbaijan have held peace talks mediated by the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. The status of Karabakh has not yet been determined. The economies of the two countries have been hurt by the lack of a complete solution, and Armenia\'s borders with Turkey and Azerbaijan remain closed. With the agreement of a cease-fire between Azerbaijan and Armenia in 1994, an estimated 30,000 people had been killed and more than a million displaced. As Armenia enters the 21st century, it faces many hardships. However, I managed to make some improvements. The country has successfully completed the transition to a market economy and in 2009 was the 31st economically freest country in the world. Armenia\'s relations with Europe, the Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent States allowed for increased trade. Gas, oil and other supplies arrive via two vital routes, Iran and Georgia, and Armenia maintains friendly relations with both countries.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Second: the official institutions of Armenia</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">In December 2015, a referendum was held to transform Armenia from a semi-presidential system into a parliamentary republic. As a result, the president is stripped of his veto power, the president is not allowed to be a member of any political party, and re-election is prohibited. Due to the immediate effects, the amendments reduced the number of parliamentary seats from 131 to 101. As for the official institutions, they <strong>consist of :</strong></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">1- The Legislative Authority: The legislative authority in Armenia consists of one chamber, which is the National Assembly (or Parliament), and it consists of 131 seats, and its members are chosen by popular vote (90 members from party lists, and 41 members by direct vote), for a period of 5 years.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">2- The Executive Authority: The Executive Authority consists of the President of the Republic (symbolically) and the Prime Minister. The president is elected by direct popular vote for a five-year term (renewable for a second term). As for the Prime Minister, he is appointed by the President of the Republic, based on a majority or unanimous vote in Parliament. The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers must resign if the National Assembly rejects their programme.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">3- The Judicial Authority: The judicial authority in Armenia is represented by the Constitutional Court and the Court of Appeal.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The third axis: the dimensions of the Azerbaijani-Armenian relationship</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The roots of the conflict begin in the 1920s during the Soviet era during the rule of (Joseph Stalin). Things began to ignite as soon as the Soviet authority in 1932 annexed the Armenian minority in the region to the Azeri borders. On the other hand, the Azerbaijani minority was left isolated in the &ldquo;Nakhchivan&rdquo; region, within the Republic of Armenia. In addition, the Soviet state granted the region the right to self-rule with its subordination to Azerbaijan, which contributed to turning it into a time bomb ready to explode at any moment.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The current clashes between Armenia and Azerbaijan bring back memories of the first strong blows dealt to the territorial integrity of the Soviet Union. As both countries were part of Soviet territory. And by February 1988, coinciding with the signs of the collapse of the Soviet Union, there was a state of deep anxiety that would last for months in the region - Nagorno-Karabakh - whose sovereignty was disputed between the two countries. After that, conflicts on an ethnic basis began to erupt, as a result of which he appealed to the local parliament - of the region that was subject to autonomy at the time - to the then Russian President (Mikhail Gorbachev), and demanded the transfer of the autonomy authority from under the banner of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic to Armenia, and soon What the Azeris\' leaders in Moscow objected to, and clashes erupted between the two sides, which turned surprisingly quickly into a civil war that left dead, wounded, and refugees on both sides. Things became more complicated after the Armenian Soviet Council announced the unification of the Nagorno-Karabakh region under the Armenian flag. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the region\'s separatists declared their independence from Azerbaijan and refused to join Armenia.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">After that, Armenia provided the Karabakh fighters with weapons and men, and its forces then penetrated into Azerbaijan. It occupied the geographical strip called - the Lagin corridor - in addition to the lands of 6 other provinces east and south of Karabakh. As a result of all these movements, hundreds of thousands of Azeris fled their homes in 1993 to escape the incursion of Armenian forces. In 1994, all parties, including Azerbaijan, agreed to sign a cease-fire agreement and resort to peaceful negotiations, and the main mediator in the negotiations was the European Union.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">It should also be noted that Armenia had secured for itself complete control not only over a vast part of Karabakh but also across many areas between it and Azerbaijan, during its war with Azerbaijan in the early 1990s. This is something that Azerbaijan has never accepted smoothly, especially in light of international law, which still recognizes that - Nagorno-Karabakh - is part of the Azerbaijani lands. And the matter continued as it was, in light of the stable convictions in the hearts of the Azeris that they would recover their lost lands sooner or later, matched by great self-confidence on the part of the Armenians who were determined to keep the land in their possession forever. Border skirmishes erupt between the two countries from time to time since the signing of the ceasefire agreement, and in many cases escalate into more serious hostilities, the latest of which was in 2016.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Although the region does not have oil or gas that arouses ambitions for occupation and control, its location and mountainous terrain give it a strategic advantage for Armenia over oil- and gas-rich Azerbaijan, and its population works mainly in agriculture, benefiting from the multiplicity of rivers and rainwater that falls in summer for irrigation and electric power generation. Some of them also practice economic activities such as animal development and light industries. The region is more like Armenia than Azerbaijan in terms of its economy being dependent on agriculture and the mining industry, as its mountains are rich in precious and semi-precious metals such as gold and copper. Armenia is the main trading partner of Nagorno-Karabakh. Azerbaijan, with the support of its strong ally Turkey, since the signing of the peace agreement between it and its neighbor Armenia in 1994, has been keen that its neighbor not benefit from any regional projects, especially those related to oil and gas pipelines to Europe. And those lines pass through the borders between Azerbaijan and Georgia, and then to T</span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;\">&uuml;</span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">rkiye.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Armenia suffers from an economic blockade by closing the borders between it and Azerbaijan on the one hand, and between it and Turkey on the other hand, and it has only short borders with Iran in the south and Georgia in the north. Consequently, Armenia, along with the Nagorno-Karabakh region, has been in a difficult economic situation for years, due to the lack of any sea outlet for it, as for all of its neighbors, and for the narrowing of its longer borders with the two hostile neighbours.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\"> </span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">While Azerbaijan relies on oil and gas exports as a major source of income (energy exports constitute about 90 percent of Azerbaijan\'s exports), Armenia relies on exports of precious and non-precious metals, machinery and equipment, and diamond polishing. The industry sector is a major component of Armenia\'s gross domestic product, which amounts to about $14 billion. Although Azerbaijan\'s GDP is over $47 billion, the per capita GDP of the two countries is almost the same at $4.6 thousand. The population of Azerbaijan is about 10 million, while the population of Armenia does not exceed 3 million. As for the Nagorno-Karabakh region itself, its gross domestic product does not reach one billion dollars (in the past year 2019 it was a little more than 710 million dollars), and the population of the region is about 150 thousand people. Like Armenia, the region relied on tourism because of the ancient monuments and mountain forests it contains, but that almost all stopped with the spread of the Corona virus (Covid-19), as is the case with Armenia as well.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Conclusion:</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">There are no economic temptations that arouse ambitions in the Nagorno-Karabakh region, but only its strategic importance, although Azerbaijan\'s occupation of it will not solve the problem that it has no land borders with Turkey. Although the war is considered to have a greater negative impact on Armenia, due to the pressures on its economy that increased with the Corona epidemic crisis, Azerbaijan also has a weak point represented in the oil and gas pipelines from its lands to Georgia.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\"> </span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">What we can understand from Turkey\'s position is that Erdogan is using it as a primary pretext to intervene in favor of supporting his main ally (Ilham Aliyev) first, and secondly, what will follow after the conflict intensifies and the size of Turkish support and the expansion of his influence in that vital region. In a way that helps him to revive his Ottoman influence, which extended in the past across vast areas of the continent. In addition, (Erdogan) sees in fueling this dispute at the present time what pleases him by raising tensions in the Russian geopolitical sphere of influence, and causing more troubles for Russia, with which he is currently linked by controversial positions on other conflict fronts, such as Libya.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\"> </span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">As for Iran\'s tendency towards Armenia and its preference over Azerbaijan, it comes on top of that Iran views Armenia as its first strategic partner in the South Caucasus region. The two countries are also linked to each other by distinguished commercial companies, with cooperation in the fields of energy. Yerevan needs Tehran for its oil and gas imports, while Azerbaijan is a competitor to Tehran in the field of energy exports. The Iranian gas pipeline to Armenia, which was considered by the former Iranian President (Mahmoud Ahmadinejad), is one of the most important aspects of cooperation between the two countries.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\"> </span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">As for Ukraine, Armenia called for the necessity of respecting the Azerbaijani sovereignty over its lands. It is a position that is understood in light of Ukraine\'s consideration that - the Crimea peninsula - a territory occupied by Russia. The same is the case with Azerbaijan, which Ukraine looks at with the same position, which is that part of its territory is occupied by another party. This is in addition to the fact that Azerbaijan, unlike Armenia, has something to offer to Ukraine. Oil comes first and foremost, and secondly, the large number of Azerbaijani business partnerships with Ukraine.</span></p>', '', 42);
INSERT INTO `version_translations` (`id`, `locale`, `title`, `description`, `content`, `tags`, `version_id`) VALUES
(83, 'ar', 'بغداد - واشنطن: العلاقة القلقة', 'ثمانية عشر عاما مرّت على سقوط نظام صدام على يد القوات الأميركية، والعلاقات العراقية الأميركية لم تتحدد طبيعتها بعد، ولم يصل العراق الى علاقات واضح....', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\" align=\"center\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">بغداد - واشنطن: العلاقة القلقة</span></strong><strong style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">سالم مشكور</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">ثمانية عشر عاما مرّت على سقوط نظام صدام على يد القوات الأميركية، والعلاقات العراقية الأميركية لم تتحدد طبيعتها بعد، ولم يصل العراق الى علاقات واضحة تحظى برضى الجانبين، فضلا عن القوى السياسية العراقية المتنوعة في موقفها من هذه العلاقة.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\">&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">أميركا:</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;</span>شهد الموقف من العراق تغييراً كبيرا حتى بات ملف العراق يوصف في واشنطن بانه \"ملف صداع\". التغيير بدأ خلال السنتين الأخيرتين من ولاية جورج بوش الثانية، عندما بدأ أركان ولايته يفصحون عن \"إحباطهم\" مما آلت إليه مواقف السياسيين العراقيين تجاه واشنطن. </span><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\', serif;\">بعد وصول الديمقراطيين الى البيت الأبيض، بإدارة باراك أوباما عام ٢٠٠٩، تراجعت أولوية الملف العراقي في واشنطن بشكل واضح، خصوصا بعد اكتمال سحب القوات الاميركية من العراق عام ٢٠١١. كان سحب القوات على خلفية انتقاد احتلال العراق باعتبارها خطوة \"جمهوريّة\" كلّفت الولايات المتحدة الكثير، وكانوا ينظرون الى الطبقة السياسية العراقية كنتاج لسياسة الجمهوريين والحقيقة إن الجمهوريين هم أصحاب مشروع الحرب وإسقاط نظام صدام، ورغم الإحباط الذي كانوا يتحدثون عنه حيال غالبية الساسة العراقيين إلّا إنهم كانوا- وما زالوا- يعتبرون العراق أحد ملفاتهم المهمة التي رأوا أن إدارة أوباما الديمقراطية فرّطت بها. </span><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\', serif;\">لكن إدارة أوباما تعاملت مع الملف العراقي بتجاهل، لأسباب تتعلق بحالة عدم ثقة عامة في واشنطن بالسياسيين العراقيين وكذلك موقف الديمقراطيين من الحرب وأسلوبهم المتميز عن الجمهوريين في إدارة السياسة الخارجية وطريقة مقاربة الملفات الساخنة في العالم. وحيث أن المثل الأميركي يقول ان الرجل يعني سياسة \"ِ</span><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\', serif;\">A man is a policy</span><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\', serif;\">\" وهي إشارة الى تأثير شخصية صاحب القرار على السياسات التي ينفذها، فان التعاطي الأميركي في ظل إدارة أوباما استمد&nbsp; مضمونه من شخصية الرئيس الذي نقل كثير من المقربين منه <strong>أنه كان سيئ النظرة الى العرب عموما مستندا الى حوادث تاريخية معينة، مقابل اعجابه بإيران وحضارتها العميقة، وهو ما يفسّر التقارب غير الرسمي مع طهران والاندفاع في التفاوض الذي انتهى بتوقيع الاتفاق النووي والافراج عن الأرصدة الإيرانية في البنوك الأميركية.</strong> أما العراق فكان التعاطي الأميركي معه يتم على أنه ملحق بإيران ولا يحتاج الى سياسة خاصة به. لكن توسع \"داعش\" ودخولها الى الأراضي العراقية وفّر فرصة لعودة التعاطي الأميركي المباشر مع الملف العراقي وإن تركّزَ الامر على الصعيد العسكري بعد عودة آلاف الجنود والمستشارين للتمركز في قواعد عسكرية لا تنوي الخروج منها. التعاطي السياسي بشقيه المعلن وغير المعلن استمر ولكن بوتيرة أخفّ مما سبق، خصوصا في وقت الانتخابات وتشكيل الحكومات.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';\">ترامب وادارته الجمهورية</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>بوصول ترامب الى البيت الأبيض ممثلا للحزب الجمهوري عام ٢٠١٧، ساد اعتقاد بان يعود الاهتمام الأميركي بالشأن العراقي الى سابق عهده لكن تصريحات ترامب خلال حملته الانتخابية وازدرائه المتكرر للعراق والعراقيين أعطى مؤشرات سلبية لم تستطع خطوته بالاتصال برئيس الوزراء حيدر العبادي آنذاك كأول اتصال خارجي، تصحيحها. لكن الجمهوريين تركوا بصمة في سياسته العراقية عندما أرفقوا انفتاحه الكبير على القيادة السعودية وصفقاته المليارية مع المملكة، بتوجّه جديد أنتج تغييراً في سياساتها تجاه العراق. أحد منظّري المحافظين الجدد \"مايكل روبن\" قال قبيل تسلم ترامب للرئاسة بأنّ الرسالة التي سيوصلونها الى المملكة العربية السعودية هي \"كفى اقتصاراً في العلاقة على السنة والأكراد ويجب الانفتاح على شيعة العراق\". بعدها بدأ التغيّر بالفعل متزامناً مع سياسة سعودية داخلية بالتضييق على الرموز الأمنية والدينية التي اقترن اسمها بسياسة سعودية داعمة لمجموعات إرهابية في العراق والمنطقة. وبالفعل اختفت السيارات المفخخة التي كانت تنفجر في بغداد بأعداد كبيرة يوميا، وهو ما أسماه السفير السعودي في بغداد آنذاك بـ \"المعادلة الجديدة\". لكن الانفتاح السعودي على شيعة العراق شمل جانباً من الساحة الشيعية مما دفع بعض السياسيين الى النظر الى هذا التطور على انه محاولة لتقسيم هذه الساحة. وإذا كان هذا الانفتاح شمل أطرافاً تحاول النأي بنفسها عن إيران، مستثنياً تلك المتهمة بالقرب منها، فإن من الواضح انه لم يكن بعيداً عن سياسة أميركية جديدة لمحاصرة إيران لم تكن الادارة الأميركية تخفيها، خصوصا وانها ترافقت مع مجموعة إجراءات وعقوبات لخنق إيران اقتصادياً وكان مطلوباً من العراق المشاركة فيها، انطلاقاً من اعتبار أنّ الساحة العراقية تشكل متنفساً للسياسة الإيرانية. كما أن الوجود العسكري الأميركي الذي كان ترامب يرفع شعار انهائه تراجع عنه بعد زيارته لقاعدة عين الأسد في عيد الميلاد وقال انه لن يتركها لأنه يحتاجها في مواجهة \"دول في الإقليم\"، في اشارة الى إيران. لقد ساهم في رسم هذه القناعة وزراء ومساعدون ومستشارون سبق أن عملوا في العراق بعد ٢٠٠٣، فضلا عن استراتيجية الحزب الجمهوري العامة في المجال الخارجي. وكانت الحرب على داعش شهدت استمرار الدور الأميركي العسكري في العراق حتى هزيمتها عام ٢٠١٧، لكن جزءاً من الجهد العسكري الأميركي خلال وبعد تلك الحرب انشغل بموضوع ظهور قوات قتالية غير نظامية تشكلت فور دخول \"داعش\" الى الأراضي العراقية وكانت فرصة لبناء قوة قتالية جديدة خارج المنظومة الأمنية العراقية التقليدية حملت اسم الحشد الشعبي وهو ما أثار هواجس الجانب الأميركي على خلفية اتهام الفصائل التي شكلت هذا الحشد بالقرب من ايران. ورغم أن القتال ضد \"داعش\" شهد في بعض مفاصله تنسيقاً - ولو عبر القناة الرسمية العراقية- بين قوات التحالف الدولي الذي<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>شكّلته الولايات المتحدة برئاستها، والحشد الشعبي، إلّا أنّ مقرات الحشد تعرضت لعدد من عمليات قصف من الجو توجهت أصابع اتهام الحشد فيها الى الجانب الأميركي تارة، وإسرائيل ولكن بعلم ومساعدة القوات الأميركية تارة أخرى. كما اتهمت قوات الحشد القوات الأميركية بدعمها لـمجموعات من \"داعش\" على أرض المعركة، رغم حربها المعلنة ضد هذه المنظمة. وفيما بعد اعترف رئيس الوزراء السابق الدكتور حيدر العبادي في مقابلة تلفزيونية بعد خروجه من الحكومة بذلك قائلا إن \"أميركا لم تكن تحارب \"داعش\" انما كانت تدير الحرب ضدها\".<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>من مجمل هذه المعطيات نرى أن الملف العراقي في ظل إدارة ترامب استمر على منهج التعامل معه كملف مرتبط بالملف الإيراني، وبدرجات متفاوتة.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';\">عودة الديمقراطيين:</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';\">عاد جو بايدن الى البيت الأبيض عام ٢٠٢١ رئيساً للولايات المتحدة بعد فترتين رئاستين كان فيهما نائباً للرئيس الأميركي باراك أوباما. ورغم أنه كان مسؤولا عن الملف العراقي الذي أبعد أوباما نفسه عنه، إلّا أنه لم يأتِ على ذكر العراق خلال حملته الانتخابية عكس ايران التي كرر نيته العودة الى الإتفاق النووي الذي كان عرّابه في أدارة أوباما، ورغم الارتياح الذي سببته خسارة ترامب للانتخابات عند قطاعات واسعة من العراقيين الذين كانوا يخشون من زيادة ضغوطه على العراق لجرّها الى جبهة محاصرة إيران وما يسببه ذلك من أضرار للعراق باعتباره إحدى ساحات الصراع بين ايران وأميركا، إلّا أن فوز بايدن أحيا مخاوف في العراق من تبنيه لمشروع تقسيم العراق الذي كان اقترحه عام ٢٠٠٦، رغم أنه لم يأت على ذكره طيلة سنوات عمله نائباً للرئيس. وحتى الان لا تتوفر مؤشرات على سياسة عراقية في البيت الأبيض باستثناء ما يتعلق منها بإيران ونفوذها الذي تواجهه في الساحة العراقية.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp;</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';\">عراقياً:</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';\">من مفارقات الساحة السياسية العراقية هي التغييرات الحادة في خارطة علاقات القوى العراقية مع الولايات المتحدة الأميركية. ففي لحظة اسقاط نظام صدام على يد الجيش الأميركي كانت الساحة العراقية منقسمة في الموقف من واشنطن، إذ يقف غالبية الشيعة والاكراد في صف المرحبين بالوجود الأميركي باعتباره أطاح بنظام أمعن في التنكيل بهذين المكونين اللذين يشكلان الغالبية السكانية في العراق، فيما وقف السنة بالضد من الاحتلال الأميركي وما انتجه من اسقاط لنظام جرى تصنيفه في خانتهم بسبب اقصاء المكونين الاخرين من تركيبة الحكم السابق وسياساته التنكيلية بهما. وقد خاضت مجموعات مسلحة سنية عملياتها ضد القوات الأميركية تحت اسم المقاومة<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>وحصلت على دعم من دول مجاورة من مصلحتها عدم استتباب الامن والاستقرار في العراق، خصوصا بعدما صدرت تصريحات أميركية حول نية التحرك بعد العراق، صوب دول مثل سوريا وإيران. ولم تقتصر عمليات تلك المجموعات على الوجود الأميركي بل استهدفت من اعتبرتهم موالين للاحتلال. لكن خارطة العلاقات بدأت بالتغيّر مع بدء مجموعات مسلحة شيعية بالعمل العسكري ضد القوات الأميركية ما دفع الجانب الأميركي الى التحرك باتجاه القوى السياسية السنيّة لاستمالتها، وكانت البداية اجتماعات عقد بين جنرالات أميركان مع ممثلي فصائل مسلحة سنيّة في اسطنبول عام ٢٠٠٥ بعد رسائل نقلها سياسيون عراقيون الى الإدارة الأميركية تظهر استعداد تلك القوى الى التفاوض مع الجانب الأميركي.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';\">كانت الإدارة الأميركية بدأت عملياتها لإسقاط نظام صدام مستندة الى قناعة بأن الشيعة العراقيين سيكونون حلفاء لها بعدما تخلصهم من صدام، لكن صدمة الاميركيين كانت عندما بدأت مجموعات شيعية بالعمل المسلح ضدهم فيما ارتفعت المطالبات بالانسحاب الأميركي من الأراضي العراقية، واتجاه أغلب القوى والشخصيات السياسية الشيعية الى ايران فيما بقي القليل منهم يحاول التوفيق في علاقاته بين ايران والولايات المتحدة، أما الجانب الكردي فقد استمر بعلاقات تحالفية مع الجانب الأميركي وكانت مناطق إقليم<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>كردستان وما زالت هي الأكثر أمناً للقوات والمؤسسات الأميركية. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';\">إصرار الجانب العراقي (بغالبيته الشيعية)، وبشخص رئيس الوزراء آنذاك السيد نوري المالكي على انسحاب القوات الأميركية، والاحتفال بيوم الانسحاب ونعته بـ\"ثورة العشرين الثانية\"، كانت له أصداء سلبية في واشنطن التي سبق وشهد المالكي فيها استقبالا حافلا عام ٢٠٠٦ وكانت له كلمة أمام الكونغرس الذي كان أعضاؤه يقفون مصفقين له بعد كل مقطع من كلمته. </span><span style=\"font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\', serif; font-size: 14pt;\">في السنوات التالية كانت السفارة الأميركية في بغداد تتعرض لمزيد من القصف بقذائف صاروخية، فيما كانت السياسة الأميركية تتحرك - من وجهة نظر بعض العراقيين - باتجاه محاربة الحشد وتحجيمه بطرق شتّى. في هذا الوقت كانت العلاقات الأميركية مع الساحة السنيّة العراقية تتطور حتى بات مطلبها هو بقاء القوات الأميركية في قواعدها التي تقلصت من مناطق الغالبية الشيعية وتضخمت في المناطق الغربية. باتت أكبر هذه القواعد هي \"عين الأسد\" التي تعرضت لقصف صاروخي إيراني بعيد اغتيال الجنرال الإيراني قاسم سليماني ومعه القيادي في الحشد الشعبي \"أبو مهدي المهندس\" الذي كان في استقباله في مطار بغداد بداية العام ٢٠٢٠. هذه العملية حركت الكتل البرلمانية الشيعية باتجاه اصدار قرار برلماني بإخراج القوات الأميركية من العراق، ولم يحضر جلسة التصويت على القرار النواب السنة والاكراد. </span><span style=\"font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\', serif; font-size: 14pt;\">لم تتحرك الحكومات العراقية المتعاقبة باتجاه رسم علاقة واضحة المعالم مع الجانب الأميركي. ولم يشهد العراق حواراً وطنيّا للاتفاق على صيغة واضحة للعلاقة. ومن الغريب أن تكون العاصمة الأميركية خالية من أي تحرّك عراقي محسوس باتجاه مؤسسات القرار ورسم سياسات الإدارة الأميركية، سواء كان من خلال السفارة العراقية التي تعاني ضعفاً مستديماً، أو التعامل بطريقة اللوبي الذي يتمتع بالصفة القانونية في واشنطن والذي تلجأ اليه أغلب السفارات الأجنبية بهدف التأثير على راسم السياسة في العاصمة الأميركية. تنفق الدول في هذا السبيل عشرات او مئات ملايين الدولارات بينما السفارة العراقية تتعاقد مع شركة متواضعة بمبلغ مليون دولار فقط سنوياً دون أن تفعل هذه الشركة شيئا سوى أمور لا قيمة لها مثل ترتيب لقاء مع الرئيس الأميركي الأسبق جورج بوش الاب، أو نشر مقالات في صحف أميركية قبيل كل زيارة لرئيس حكومة عراقي لواشنطن. </span><span style=\"font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\', serif; font-size: 14pt;\">والملفت للنظر أن المسؤولين العراقيين لا يرون أهمية للتحرك في واشنطن معتقدين (بل صرح</span><span style=\"font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\', serif; font-size: 14pt;\">&nbsp; </span><span style=\"font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\', serif; font-size: 14pt;\">أكثر من مسؤول منهم لكاتب المقال) أن التواصل الحقيقي انما يتم مباشرة بين السفارة الأميركية في بغداد والحكومة العراقية. يغفل هؤلاء عن أنّ السفارة تنفّذ سياسة مرسومة في واشنطن وأن التأثير على هذه السياسة يجب أن يتم من داخل اميركا. </span><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\', serif; color: #050505;\">إن التساؤل عن مستقبل العلاقة مع واشنطن يستدعي طرح تساؤلات عديدة عما يريده العراق من واشنطن، وما الذي يجب فعله للوصول الى علاقات سوية ومستقرة ومفيدة للعراق</span><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\', serif; color: #050505;\">.</span><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\', serif; color: #050505;\">وعما إذا كان السياسيون العراقيون يدركون طبيعة&nbsp; واليات العمل داخل اميركا؟</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\', serif; color: #050505;\">البداية هي أن يعي المعنيون أن العراق يحتاج الى التوصل الى موقف موّحد من العلاقة مع الولايات المتحدة وأنّ العلاقات بين الدول تقوم على المصالح المتبادلة لا غير وهو ما يتطلب خلق مصالح لأميركا في العراق</span><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\', serif; color: #050505;\">.</span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\', serif; color: #050505;\"> <span lang=\"AR-SA\">قبل كل هذا، لابد من معرفة أن العلاقة مع واشنطن لا تنحصر بخياري التبعية أو العداء.</span></span></p>', '', 43),
(84, 'en', 'Baghdad - Washington: The Anxious Relationship', 'Eighteen years have passed since the fall of Saddam\'s regime at the hands of the American forces, and the nature of Iraqi-America.....', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: center; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\" align=\"center\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Baghdad - Washington: The Anxious Relationship</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Salem </span></strong><strong><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;\">Mashkor</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Eighteen years have passed since the fall of Saddam\'s regime at the hands of the American forces, and the nature of Iraqi-American relations has not yet been determined, and Iraq has not reached clear relations that enjoy the satisfaction of both sides, not to mention the various Iraqi political forces in their position on this relationship.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">America:</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The position on Iraq has undergone a major change, to the extent that the Iraq file has been described in Washington as a \"headache file\". The change began during the last two years of George Bush\'s second term, when the pillars of his term began to express their \"frustration\" with the outcome of the Iraqi politicians\' attitudes toward Washington.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">After the Democrats came to the White House, under the administration of Barack Obama in 2009, the priority of the Iraqi file in Washington clearly declined, especially after the completion of the withdrawal of US forces from Iraq in 2011. The withdrawal of forces was against the background of criticizing the occupation of Iraq as a \"republican\" step that cost the United States a lot, and they viewed the Iraqi political class as a product of Republican policy. The truth is that the Republicans are the owners of the war project and the overthrow of Saddam\'s regime. They were - and still are - considering Iraq as one of their important files, which they saw as neglected by the Obama Democratic administration. However, the Obama administration dealt with the Iraqi file with disregard, for reasons related to a state of general distrust in Washington in Iraqi politicians, as well as the position of the Democrats on the war, their style that is distinct from the Republicans in managing foreign policy, and the way they approach hot files in the world. And since the American proverb says that the man means \"A man is a policy\", which is a reference to the impact of the decision-maker\'s personality on the policies he implements, the American dealings under the Obama administration derived its content from the personality of the president, who many of those close to him reported that he was bad-sighted. To the Arabs in general, based on certain historical incidents, in exchange for his admiration for Iran and its deep civilization, which explains the informal rapprochement with Tehran and the rush in the negotiations that ended with the signing of the nuclear agreement and the release of Iranian balances in American banks. As for Iraq, the US dealt with it on the basis that it was attached to Iran and did not need a policy of its own. However, the expansion of \"ISIS\" and its entry into Iraqi territory provided an opportunity for the return of direct American engagement with the Iraqi file, even if the matter focused on the military level, after the return of thousands of soldiers and advisors to be stationed in military bases from which it does not intend to leave. Political engagement, in both its declared and unannounced parts, continued, but at a slower pace than before, especially at the time of elections and the formation of governments.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Trump and his Republican administration</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">With Trump\'s arrival to the White House as a representative of the Republican Party in 2017, it was believed that the American interest in the Iraqi issue would return to its previous era, but Trump\'s statements during his election campaign and his repeated disdain for Iraq and the Iraqis gave negative indications that his move to contact Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi at the time as the first external contact could not correct. But the Republicans left an imprint on his Iraqi policy when they attached his great openness to the Saudi leadership and his billionaire deals with the Kingdom, with a new direction that produced a change in its policies towards Iraq. One of the neo-conservative theorists, \"Michael Rubin,\" said before Trump assumed the presidency that the message they will deliver to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is, \"Enough of limiting the relationship to the Sunnis and the Kurds, and we must open up to the Shiites of Iraq.\" After that, change really began, coinciding with an internal Saudi policy of restricting security and religious symbols whose name was associated with a Saudi policy of support for terrorist groups in Iraq and the region. Indeed, the booby-trapped cars that were exploding in large numbers daily in Baghdad have disappeared, which is what the Saudi ambassador to Baghdad called the \"new equation\" at the time. However, the Saudi openness to the Iraqi Shiites included part of the Shiite arena, which prompted some politicians to view this development as an attempt to divide this arena. And if this openness included parties trying to distance themselves from Iran, with the exception of those accused near it, then it is clear that it was not far from a new American policy to besiege Iran that the American administration did not hide, especially since it was accompanied by a set of measures and sanctions to strangle Iran economically and was required of Iraq to participate in it, based on the consideration that the Iraqi arena constitutes an outlet for Iranian politics. In addition, the American military presence, which Trump used to raise the slogan of ending, withdrew from it after his visit to the Ain al-Assad base at Christmas, and said that he would not leave it because he needed it in the face of &ldquo;countries in the region,&rdquo; referring to Iran. Ministers, assistants, and advisors who previously worked in Iraq after 2003 contributed to drawing this conviction, as well as the Republican Party\'s general strategy in the foreign field. The war against ISIS witnessed the continuation of the American military role in Iraq until its defeat in 2017, but part of the American military effort during and after that war was preoccupied with the issue of the emergence of irregular combat forces that were formed as soon as ISIS entered Iraqi territory, and it was an opportunity to build a new combat force outside the system. The traditional Iraqi security bore the name of the popular crowd, which raised concerns</span><span dir=\"RTL\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\"> </span><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The American side against the backdrop of accusing the factions that formed this crowd near Iran. Although the fight against \"ISIS\" witnessed in some of its aspects coordination - albeit through the official Iraqi channel - between the international coalition forces formed by the United States, headed by the United States, and the Popular Mobilization Forces. The US at times, and Israel, but with the knowledge and assistance of the US forces at other times. The crowd forces also accused the US forces of supporting \"ISIS\" groups on the battlefield, despite their declared war against this organization. Later, the former Prime Minister, Dr. Haider al-Abadi, admitted in a television interview after leaving the government that, saying that \"America was not fighting ISIS, but rather was running the war against it.\" From all of these data, we see that the Iraqi file under the Trump administration continued to deal with it as a file linked to the Iranian file, and to varying degrees.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Return of the Democrats:</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Joe Biden returned to the White House in 2021 as President of the United States after two terms during which he was Vice President Barack Obama. Although he was responsible for the Iraqi file from which Obama distanced himself, he did not mention Iraq during his election campaign, unlike Iran, which reiterated his intention to return to the nuclear agreement that was his godfather in the Obama administration, and despite the relief caused by Trump\'s loss of the elections among large sectors of society. Iraqis who were afraid of increasing his pressure on Iraq to drag it into a front besieging Iran and the damage that would cause to Iraq as it is one of the arenas of conflict between Iran and America. However, Biden\'s victory revived fears in Iraq about his adoption of the project to divide Iraq that he proposed in 2006, although he did not He is mentioned throughout his years as Vice President. So far, there are no indications of an Iraqi policy in the White House, except for what is related to Iran and its influence in the Iraqi arena.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">Iraqi:</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">One of the paradoxes of the Iraqi political arena is the sharp changes in the map of the Iraqi forces\' relations with the United States of America. At the moment of the overthrow of Saddam\'s regime by the US army, the Iraqi arena was divided in its stance towards Washington, as the majority of the Shiites and Kurds stood in the ranks of those who welcomed the American presence, as it overthrew a regime that had worked hard to abuse these two components, which make up the majority of the population in Iraq, while the Sunnis stood against the American occupation. The overthrow of the regime it produced was classified in their category due to the exclusion of the other two components from the composition of the previous regime and its abusive policies towards them. Sunni armed groups waged operations against the US forces under the name of resistance and obtained support from neighboring countries. It is in their interest not to restore security and stability in Iraq, especially after US statements were issued about the intention to move after Iraq, towards countries such as Syria and Iran. The operations of these groups were not limited to the American presence, but rather targeted those they considered loyal to the occupation. However, the map of relations began to change with the start of armed Shiite groups taking military action against the American forces, which prompted the American side to move towards the Sunni political forces to win them over, and the beginning was meetings held between American generals with representatives of Sunni armed factions in Istanbul in 2005 after messages conveyed by Iraqi politicians to the administration The Americans show the willingness of those forces to negotiate with the American side. The American administration had begun its operations to overthrow Saddam\'s regime, based on the conviction that the Iraqi Shiites would be its allies after getting rid of Saddam, but the Americans were shocked when Shiite groups began armed action against them, while demands rose for the American withdrawal from Iraqi lands, and the direction of most of the Shiite political forces and figures to Iran While a few of them remained trying to reconcile their relations between Iran and the United States, as for the Kurdish side, it continued allied relations with the American side, and the regions of the Kurdistan region were and still are the most secure for American forces and institutions. The insistence of the Iraqi side (with its Shiite majority), and in the person of the Prime Minister at the time, Mr. Nuri al-Maliki, on the withdrawal of American forces, and the celebration of the day of withdrawal and calling it the &ldquo;second twentieth revolution&rdquo;, had negative repercussions in Washington, where al-Maliki had previously witnessed a warm reception in 2006 and had a speech before Congress whose members were standing applauding after every syllable of his speech. In the following years, the American embassy in Baghdad was subjected to more missile strikes, while American policy was moving - from the point of view of some Iraqis - towards fighting the crowd and curtailing it in various ways. At this time, the American relations with the Iraqi Sunni arena were developing until their demand became that the American forces remain in their bases, which shrank from the areas of the Shiite majority and swelled in the western regions. The largest of these bases has become Ain al-Assad, which was hit by Iranian missiles shortly after the assassination of Iranian General Qassem Soleimani, along with the leader of the Popular Mobilization Forces, Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, who was receiving him at Baghdad airport in early 2020. This process moved the Shiite parliamentary blocs towards issuing a parliamentary decision to remove the American forces from Iraq, and the Sunni and Kurdish representatives did not attend the voting session on the decision. The successive Iraqi governments did not move towards establishing a clear-cut relationship with the American side. Iraq did not witness a national dialogue to agree on a clear formula for the relationship. It is strange that the American capital is devoid of any tangible Iraqi movement towards the decision-making institutions and drawing up the policies of the American administration, whether through the Iraqi embassy, which suffers from permanent weakness, or dealing in the manner of the lobby that has legal status in Washington and to which most foreign embassies resort to in order to influence Policymaker in the American capital. Countries spend tens or hundreds of millions of dollars in this way, while the Iraqi embassy contracts with a modest company for only one million dollars annually, without this company doing anything but worthless matters such as arranging a meeting with former US President George HW Bush, or publishing articles in American newspapers. Before each visit of an Iraqi prime minister to Washington.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">What is remarkable is that Iraqi officials do not see the importance of the move in Washington believing (indeed, more than one of them stated to the author of the article) that the real communication takes place directly between the US embassy in Baghdad and the Iraqi government. They are ignorant of the fact that the embassy is implementing a policy drawn up in Washington and that influence on this policy must come from within America.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The question about the future of the relationship with Washington requires asking many questions about what Iraq wants from Washington, and what must be done to reach normal, stable and beneficial relations for Iraq. And whether Iraqi politicians are aware of the nature and mechanisms of work inside America?</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"LTR\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\">The beginning is for those concerned to realize that Iraq needs to reach a unified position regarding the relationship with the United States, and that relations between countries are based on mutual interests only, which requires creating interests for America in Iraq. Before all this, it must be known that the relationship with Washington is not limited to the options of dependence or hostility.</span></p>', '', 43);
INSERT INTO `version_translations` (`id`, `locale`, `title`, `description`, `content`, `tags`, `version_id`) VALUES
(85, 'ar', 'تقرير المصير بين العالم الأول والعالم الثالث (دراسة مقارنة)', 'ان مصطلح تقرير المصير في القانون الدولي يعني منح الشعب أو السكان المحليين إمكانية أن يقرروا شكل السلطة التي يريدونها وطريقة تحقيقها بشكل.....', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\', serif;\">تقرير المصير بين العالم الأول والعالم الثالث (دراسة مقارنة)</span></strong></span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"> </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: right; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">اعداد</span></strong><strong><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"color: #3598db;\">د. علي رحيم طعيمه</span></span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><u style=\"text-underline: thick;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">المقدمة:</span></u></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">ان مصطلح تقرير المصير في القانون الدولي يعني منح الشعب أو السكان المحليين إمكانية أن يقرروا شكل السلطة التي يريدونها وطريقة تحقيقها بشكل حر وبدون تدخل خارجي.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">حيث ان تقرير المصير هو حق منحته المواثيق الدولية والدساتير العالمية من خلال منح حرية تقرير مجموعة او فئة تتمتع بديانة او معتقد او قومية او لغة او جنس او لون بشره معين ...... الخ في تأسيس نظام حكم لتنظيم حياتهم الاجتماعية وفق ما يخدم تطلعاتهم وميولهم دون التبعية الى دولة أخرى تملي عليهم القوانين والضوابط الخاصة بها وتعارض ارادتهم وحرياتهم.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">شهد العالم منذُ زمن ليس بالقريب مجموعة من المحاولات تقرير المصير ولاسيما ما يحدث في الآونة الأخيرة من محاولات عديدة للانفصال بعضها كتب عليها النجاح كمحاولة تقرير المصير لجنوب السودان والبعض الاخر كتب عليها عدم النجاح لعدم تهيئة الظروف المناسبة والمقدمات التي تخدم عملية تقرير المصير لاسيما موافقة المجتمع الدولي (الدول العظمى والفاعلة في العالم) كمحاولة انفصال ايرلندا الشمالية عن مملكة البريطانية المتحدة ومحاولة أخرى كمحاولة الانفصاليين في الصومال ومجموعة البوليساريو في المغرب العربي .... الخ.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">ان عملية تقرير المصير هي عملية صعبة المخاض من اجل ولادة نظام حكم جديد ينسلخ من دولة الام لكون دولة الام لا تضحي بسهوله بوليدها كونه جزء لا يتجزأ منها علما ان اغلب هذه المجاميع التي تنوي الانفصال او تقرير مصيرها قد عانت الكثير من الدول التي كانت تنظم تحت سيادتها لكون هذه المجاميع لا تشعر بانتمائها لتلك الدول وان هذه الدول بالمقابل لم تعطيها الحرية الكاملة في تنظيم شؤونها إضافة الى الاستغلال الاقتصادي ان صحة التوصيف.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">من بين المحاولات التي سعت الى تقرير المصير في العالم الأول كان محاولة انفصال إقليم كتالونيا عن مملكة اسبانيا , وفي العالم الثالث محاولة انفصال إقليم كردستان عن جمهورية العراق الا ان هذه المحاولات لم تكتب لها النجاح لكن طريقة تعامل حكومة المركزية للعالمين مع المحاولتين كانتا مختلفين بحسب وعي سياسي كلا البلدين.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 115%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\" align=\"center\"><strong><u style=\"text-underline: thick;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">أولا / العالم الأول (إقليم كتالونيا)</span></u></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\" align=\"center\"><strong><u style=\"text-underline: thick;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none;\">&nbsp;</span></span></u></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: 115%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in 22.5pt .0001pt 0in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\';\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">1.<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">موقع إقليم كتالونيا الجغرافي والاقتصادي</span></strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">:</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">كتالونيا إقليم يقع في شمال شرق شبه الجزيرة الإيبيرية</span><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">)</span><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> إسبانيا</span><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> (</span><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">وهي تمثل بوابة شبة الجزيرة الايبرية نحو القارة الاوربية (صورة 1). وتتمتع بحكم ذاتي وعاصمتها هي مدينة برشلونة.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">تنقسم كتالونيا أربع مقاطعات: برشلونة، جرندة ، لاردة وطراغونة. السلطة التشريعية ممثلة في برلمان كتالونيا ولها علم ونشيد وطني خاص بالإقليم ويتحدث أبناؤه لغة مختلفة عن باقي إسبانيا. وله كذلك شرطة خاصة به، ويسيطر على غالبية الخدمات العامة فيه.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">يتمتع الإقليم بمصادر ثروة عدة حيث تعد كاتالونيا أكثر المناطق الاقتصادية والسياحية والصناعية، فهي تقدم نحو ثلث الناتج الصناعي الإسباني، وتعد مدينة برشلونة أحد أهم الموانئ البحرية على البحر المتوسط ولها ساحل يعج بالسواح من مختلف مناطق العالم, كما انها مركز ثالث أكبر بنك إسباني (لاكايشا بنك) ، إضافة إلى المقر الرئيسي لشركة الغاز الطبيعي العملاقة .وفيها <span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;</span>المقرات الرسمية لأكثر من 800 شركة ويعتبر إقليم كتالونيا أغنى إقليم في إسبانيا ويسهم بنحو ربع إجمالي صادرات البلاد</span><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">طبيعة نظام الحكم في الإقليم:</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">تتكون حكومة الحكم الذاتي في إقليم كتلونيا من مجلس كتالونيا التنفيذي (الجنيراليتات دي كتلونيا) </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">وهي الهيئة التي تنظم نظام الحكم السياسي الشامل في كتالونيا (صورة 2) بما فيها البلديات الفرعية والمحاكم وليس فقط الأجهزة التنفيذية للحكومة. وتتألف تلك الهيئة من برلمان كاتالونيا (135 نائبا، ينتخبون عن طريق الاقتراع العام من قبل مواطني كاتالونيا)، ورئيس حكومة كتالونيا</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;</span>تتمتع الحكومة المحلية في كتلونيا بسلطات وصلاحيات واسعة وحصرية في أمور مختلفة مثل الثقافة والبيئة والاتصالات والنقل والتجارة والسلامة العامة وتتولى أغلب مهام الشرطة والأمن والتي كان يقوم بها الحرس المدني وهيئة الشرطة الوطنية الإسبانية في الماضي.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>بينما تشارك صلاحياتها مع الحكومة المركزية في مدريد في التعليم والصحة والعدالة.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">التهيئة لعملية الانفصال (لوجستياً سياسياً ودولياً)</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">بداءة عملية التهيئة للانفصال عن طريق النشطاء المدنيين والسياسيين الداعين للانفصال وبعض من أبناء الشعب الكتالاني وذك عن طريق توزيع الملصقات ولصق البوسترات الداعية للاستفتاء بالاستقلال على محطات الباصات والمترو والكتابة على بعض الجدران وعقد ندوات وحوارات في مراكز الشباب والنوادي لغرض الترويج للاستفتاء.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">هنا بدأت الاخبار تصل الى الحكومة المركزية التي حذرت حكومة كتلونيا من مغبة المضي في طريق الاستفتاء والعواقب الوخيمة التي ستحل على إقليم كتلونيا، ومن ضمنها بدأت تفرض غرامات مالية عالية تصل الي 50 الف يورو على المطابع التي تطبع أي ملصق او بوستر يدعو للانفصال وبدأت هنا اول مراحل الغليان بين الإقليم وحكومة المركز وهنا بدأت أولى شرارات الغضب حيث بداء النشطاء والداعمين للانفصال بوضع الملصات والبوسترات ليلا خوفا من الغرامات المالية، حيث كان يلاحظ صاحب المقال عند الذهاب الى الجامعة (حتى في المصعد الكهربائي).</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">ومن ضمن الإجراءات الأخرى التي اتخذتها مدريد هو تخويل رئيس الحكومة الاسبانية بتقديم طعن باسمها بصورة عاجلة أمام المحكمة الدستورية؛ ضد قرار برلمان كتالونيا ومرسوم حكومتها، بدعوى مخالفتهما للدستور. ويمنح الدستور الحكومة المركزية في مدريد الحق بحمل الحكومة المحلية في كتالونيا على سحب قرار الاستفتاء.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">وهنا جاء رد المحكمة الدستورية في إسبانيا في 12 سبتمبر 2017 مؤكداً على أن الاقتراع غير قانوني لأنها اعتبرت أن هذا الاستفتاء يتعارض مع دستور إسبانيا 1978.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;</span>لكن رئيس إقليم كتالونيا كارلس بوجيمون أكد على عزمه إجراء الاقتراع في وقته المخطط له (صورة 3)، وأصدر بيان اوضح فيه (اننا لن نجري الانتخابات في المراكز الانتخابية كالمدارس والمعاهد التي بنيت بأموال مدريد بل سنجري استفتائنا في مدارسنا التي بنيناها بأموال كتلونيا).</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">بعدها قام المدعي العام في المحكمة العليا بكتالونيا بأمر الشرطة الكتالونية والحرس المدني والهيئة الوطنية للشرطة باقتحام مكاتب الاقتراع الانتخابية للحيلولة دون إجراء الانتخابات.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">وكأجراء احترازي تم أرسل الالاف من افراد الشرطة الإسبانية من مدريد للإقليم بهدف منع اي تحرك بأجراء الاستفتاء والاستيلاء على مراكز الاقتراع. وعند وصول أفواج الشرطة الاسبانية الى مدينة برشلونة، وجه كارلس بوجيمون رئيس الحكومة الكتلانية كلمة للشرطة الاسبانية قال فيها: لا اعتقد ان احدا يستخدم العنف او سيحرض على العنف كما دعاها الى التصرف بصفه مهنية لا بصة سياسية.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">كما أكد بوجيمون خلال اجتماعه مع ممثلي المراكز التعليمية التي ستقام فيها مكاتب الاقتراع وقال سنذهب حتى النهاية مشيرا الى انه يتحمل مع حكومته كامل المسؤولية لتنظيم التصويت على الرغم من كل التحذيرات التي ابدتها الحكومة المركزية في حال المضيء في التصويت (صورة 4)</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; color: #3f3f42; background: #FDFDFD;\">4</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">.يوم الاستفتاء وما بعده: انفصال كتلونيا وإعلان الاستقلال</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">بعد وصول الالاف من الشرطة الاسبانية الى إقليم كتلونيا وتغيير مدير شرطة مدينة برشلونة (حسب امر صادر من رئيس الوزراء الاسباني) بدأت دوريات كثيرة للشرطة الاسبانية وقوات مكافحة الشغب تجوب مناطق المدينة وبصورة خاصة قرب مراكز الاقتراع، عند ذلك أرسلت حكومة كتلونيا إخطارات للسكان تطلب منهم فيها حماية مراكز الاقتراع فقام الكتلانيين المؤيدين للانفصال باحتلال المدارس تجنبا لغلقها من طرف سلطات إسبانيا وقد واصلوا احتلالها حتى صباح يوم الاستفتاء. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">وهنا اخذت الأمور منحى اخر (أكثر صرامة) حيث أصدر مكتب الادعاء العام أمر لجمع أسماء كل من يشارك في التصويت، وستصادر الوثائق المتعلقة بذلك، وأن أي شخص يملك مفاتيح لدخول مركز الاقتراع سيعتبر متواطئا في جرائم عصيان ومخالفات وسرقة أموال </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">وفي 1 أكتوبر 2017 تم تنظيم استفتاء استقلال كتالونيا داخل إقليم كتالونيا الذي رفضت السلطات الإسبانية الاعتراف بنتائجه</span><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-IQ\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;\">وبدأت المواجهة بين قوات الشرطة التي تحاول منع المواطنين من الادلاء بأصواتهم سواء بغلق أبواب المدارس او الاستيلاء على صناديق الاقتراع وسجلات أسماء الناخبين وأخيرا استخدام القوة (الهروات ) لضرب وتفريق الناخبين المشاركين في الاستفتاء(صورة 6) مما أدى الى إصابات العشرات بجروح <span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;</span>. <span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;</span></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-IQ\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;\">انصدم الكتلانيين من هذه المشاهد التي نقلتها وسائل الاعلام والتي أظهرت قسوة افراد الشرطة تجاه أبناء إقليم كتلونيا وكانت لهذه الحوادث نتائج سلبية على المواطنين الرافضين للاستقلال من أبناء كتلونيا وكانت الصدمة ان المواطنين بداوا بالتعبير عن رفضهم لهذه الإجراءات بان يخرجون على شرفات منازلهم ويطرقون على الدرابزون كل يوم الساعة الثامنة مساءاً لمدة 10 دقائق تعبيرا عن رفضهم لهذه الوحشية تجاه المشاركين في التصويت على الانفصال.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-IQ\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; color: red;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">بعد أسبوع من اجراء الاستفتاء وبالتحديد في يوم 27 أكتوبر/ تشرين الأول 2017، أعلن برلمان كتالونيا انفصال الإقليم عن إسبانيا بأغلبية 70 صوتا ضد 10 أصوات والذي تتمكن به كاتالونيا من إعادة استثمار أموال الضرائب التي ترسلها لحكومة مدريد، وهو ما يعادل 9 % من إجمالي الناتج المحلي مما يسبب أثارًا سلبية جدًا على الاقتصاد الإسباني وعدم استقراره، حتى أن العاصمة مدريد، راجعت توقعاتها للنمو فى العام 2018 من 2.6 إلى 2.3% من الناتج الإجمالي.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">حيث ساهمت كتلونيا بنسبة 19% من إجمالي الناتج الداخلى الإسبانى، متقدمة بشكل طفيف جدًا عن مدريد المساهمة بنسبة 18.9%، ليصبح الإقليم الساعى للانفصال أثرى منطقة إسبانية، كما يحل فى المرتبة الرابعة بالنسبة لقياس الناتج الإجمالى للفرد بواقع 28600 يورو، مقابل معدل 24 ألف يورو فى إسبانيا، خلف مدريد، وبلاد الباسك، ولانافارى.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">وبنفس الوقت فان اعلان الانفصال كان له إثر اقتصادي سلبي على كتلونيا حيث اوضح وزير الاقتصاد الإسبانى، فإن كتالونيا في حالة استقلالها ستكون خارج الاتحاد الأوروبى، وستشهد تراجعا فى ناتجها الإجمالى بما بين 25 و30% وانخفاض العائدات الضريبية التي تدفعها شركات تغادر عاصمة الإقليم برشلونة إلى مدريد والأقاليم الأسبانية الأخرى, لأن أكثر ما يخشاه عالم المال والأعمال هو عدم الاستقرار. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">كما أن الاستثمار في الاقليم لن يعود مجديا في حال انفصاله بسبب صغر سوقه الذي لا يزيد عدد مستهلكيه عن 7.5 مليون نسمة مقابل سوق إسبانية وأوروبية بعدد مستهلكين يزيد عن 500 مليون مستهلك. ومما يعنيه ذلك أن انفصال الاقليم المتطور صناعيا سيحرم الشركات المحلية والأوروبية العاملة فيه ميزة الإنتاج والبيع في السوق الكبيرة وهذا ما سيدفعها إلى الهجرة. وفي حال حصل ذلك فإن عشرات، لا بل مئات الآلاف من الكاتالونيين سيفقدون عملهم ومصدر رزقهم.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">بالإضافة الى تراجع السياحة مما يسبب ازدياد نسبة البطالة بسبب عدم استقرار الاوضاع التى تنجم عن اعلان الاستقلال صورة 7.كما وأن بروكسل ستمتنع عن قبول كاتالونيا في عضوية الاتحاد الاوروبي بسبب الرفض الأسباني القاطع الذي تؤيده فرنسا وإيطاليا <span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;</span>وألمانيا ومعظم دول القارة الاوربية.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">كما شككت الحكومة المركزية في مدريد في نسبة المؤيدين للانفصال وان اكثر صناديق الاقتراع تمت مصادرتها من قبل الشرطة فكيف يمكن لرئيس الإقليم ان يثبت صدق ادعائه ... بوجيمون قام وطلب من مؤيدي الانفصال ان يخرجوا في مظاهرات<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>في الساعة 8 ليلا<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>تنطلق من احد الشوارع<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>القديمة والشهيرة في مدينة برشلونة ( شارع جراند كراسيا ) باتجاه ساحة كتلونيا الشهيرة مع حمل شمعة وهنا عندما صورت وسائل الاعلام هذه المظاهرات ذات الحشود الكثيرة جدا قال عنها بوجيمون ان 90 بالمئة من الشعب الكتلاني يؤيد الانفصال وهذه المظاهرات تثبت ذلك وحسب وسائل الاعلام المختلفة وانهم يرفضون قرارات الحكومة المركزية.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">وكرد على اعلان الانفصال فقد صوّت مجلس الشيوخ الإسباني في خطوة غير مسبوقة على تفعيل المادة 155 من الدستور التي تسمح للحكومة المركزية بتعليق الحكم الذاتي في كتالونيا وفرض الحكم المباشر عليها وجاء التصويت بموافقة 214 عضوا مقابل رفض 47 عضوا وامتناع عضو واحد عن التصويت. وفي وقت لاحق،</span><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">عقد رئيس الوزراء الإسباني، ماريانو راخوي، اجتماعا طارئا للحكومة الإسبانية صورة 8 , أعلن في أعقابه عن إن الحكومة بدأت اتخاذ إجراءات ردا على إعلان كتالونيا الانفصال:</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: 115%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in .5in 8.0pt 0in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\';\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">1-<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">حل حكومة<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>إقليم كاتالونيا, في سابقة هي الأولى من نوعها منذ اعتماد الدستور عام 1978 كإجراء لإحباط حملة الاستقلال وتهدئة المخاوف من حدوث اضطرابات ومشكلات اقتصادية في قلب منطقة اليورو.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: 115%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in .5in 8.0pt 0in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\';\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">2-<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">بسط سيطرت الحكومة المركزية في مدريد الكاملة على مقار الحكومة والشرطة والإعلام الرسمي بالإقليم وتعليق سلطات البرلمان الإقليمي لمدة ستة أشهر حتى إجراء انتخابات مبكرة في إقليم كتلونيا.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: 115%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in .5in 8.0pt 0in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\';\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">3-<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">أوقفت السلطات الإسبانية رئيسي أبرز منظمتين انفصاليتين في كاتالونيا بتهمة العصيان، وهما جوردي سانشيز الذي يقود \"رابطة الجمعية الوطنية الكاتالونية\" وجوردي كوشارت الذي يقود حركة ثقافية مؤيدة للاستقلال.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: 115%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in .5in 8.0pt 0in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\';\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">4-<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">من جهة أخرى، امتثال قائد شرطة كاتالونيا جوزيب لويس ترابيرو أمام القضاء الإسباني في مدريد لاستجوابه بتهمة العصيان وعدم منعه إجراء الاستفتاء المحظور. ورغم مطالبة النيابة باحتجازه على ذمة المحاكمة، سمحت المحكمة له بالمغادرة دون أن تحتجزه.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpLast\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; line-height: 115%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in .5in 8.0pt 0in;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 115%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">وقال رئيس الوزراء الإسباني، ماريانو راخوي، لأعضاء المجلس إن هناك حاجة إلى حكم مباشر لإعادة \"القانون والديمقراطية والاستقرار\" إلى كتالونيا وانه ليس هناك احتمالات كبيرة بتصعيد الأزمة إلى نزاع مسلح، لكنها ستلحق الأضرار بالاقتصاد الإسباني وربما تسبب أزمات في منطقة اليورو.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 115%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">كما قال رئيس الوزراء الإسباني إنه لم يجرد اقليم كتالونيا من الحكم الذاتي ولكنه يعيد \"الاقليم إلى سلطة القانون لإن تصرفات الحكومة المحلية \"تتعارض مع القانون وتسعى للمواجهة\"..</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 115%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">من جهته، رفض الزعيم الكتالوني كارلس بوجيمون إجراءات الحكومة الإسبانية، وقال في كلمة عبر التلفزيون إنها \"لا تتلاءم مع السلوك الديمقراطي ولا تحترم دولة القانون\". كما وصف برلمان الإقليم تلك الإجراءات بأنها \"انقلاب\"، وقالت رئيسة برلمان كتالونيا في كلمة أمام زملائها إن رئيس الوزراء الإسباني \"نفذ انقلابا لإنهاء صلاحيات البرلمانيين\".</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 115%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;</span>وفي 14 أكتوبر 2019، قضت المحكمة العليا الإسبانية عدد من القرارات منها : </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: 115%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in .5in 8.0pt 0in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\';\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">1-<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">سجن تسعة من زعماء إقليم كتالونيا الانفصاليين، ما بين تسع و13 سنة بتهمة التحريض على التمرد، بسبب دورهم في محاولة الإقليم الفاشلة للاستقلال صورة 9.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: 115%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in .5in 8.0pt 0in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\';\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">2-<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">حكمت المحكمة على نائب رئيس الإقليم السابق، أوريول جونكويراس، بالسجن لمدة 13 عاما بسبب التحريض وإساءة استخدام الأموال العامة .</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpLast\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: 115%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in .5in 8.0pt 0in;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\';\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">3-<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">كما تمت محاكمة 12 شخصا على أعمالهم، في محاولة إقليم كتالونيا الانفصال عن إسبانيا بعد استفتاء غير قانوني على الاستقلال.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 115%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">وغابت عن المحاكمات الشخصية الرئيسية في محاولة الانفصال، وهو الرئيس الكتالوني السابق كارلوس بوجديمون الذي فرّ إلى بلجيكا، وسيكون الغائب الأكبر عن هذه المحاكمة، إذ إن إسبانيا لا تحاكم غيابيا المتهمين بجنح خطر.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">وفي 23/06/2021 أطلقت السلطات الإسبانية سراح تسعة من قادة الانفصاليين الكاتالونيين الذين صدرت بحقهم قرارات حكومية بالعفو، في خطوة قال رئيس الوزراء بيدرو سانشيز إنها تمثل بادرة مصالحة، تتيح بدء مرحلة جديدة من الحوار وتنهي حالة الانقسام والصدام بين السلطتين المركزية والإقليمية.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; color: red;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">استفتاء استقلال إقليم كردستان ونتائجه </span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">كلمة كردستان مؤلفة من جزئين، الأول منها هو \"كرد\" نسبة إلى الشعب الكردي، والجزء الثاني منها هو \"ستان\" وتعني موطن أو مكان. الكرد هم أقلية عرقية موجودة في ثلاثة بلدان العراق وإيران وتركيا.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">وتسمية \"كردستان\" والتي تُترجم إلى \"بلاد الكرد\"، تم توثيقها لأول مرة في السجلات السلجوقية في القرن الحادي عشر واستخدمت فيها الدولة العثمانية مصطلح \"كردستان\" للإشارة إلى وحدة إدارية بدلاً من منطقة جغرافية. وكردستان منطقة جبلية ذات حدود طبيعية</span><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span></span><span lang=\"AR-IQ\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;</span>صورة 11.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;</span>يغطي مصطلح كردستان جزءًا كبيرًا من الشرق الأدنى: المناطق الشمالية من العراق وسوريا و إيران الغربية بأكملها من الشمال إلى الجنوب حتى الخليج الفارسي والأجزاء الشرقية والوسطى بأكملها من جمهورية تركيا وفي بعض الأحيان يتم تضمين المناطق الغربية من جمهورية أرمينيا وجورجيا أيضًا في هذه الأرض الجغرافية.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">يتركز اكراد العراق في كل من محافظة السليمانية ومحافظة أربيل ومحافظة كركوك ومحافظة دهوك ومناطق سنجار وعقرة من محافظة نينوى. وكذلك في منطقتَي (خانقين ومندلي) من محافظة ديالى حيث يجاورون أكراد إيران إلى الغرب من جبال زاكروس، وكذلك في منطقتي (بدرة وجصان) من محافظة واسط. ويقدر عدد اكراد العراق بنحو خمسة ملايين ومئتي الف نسمة</span><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">نظام الحكم في إقليم كردستان </span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">حكومة إقليم كردستان هي السلطة التنفيذية للقرارات التي يسنها المجلس الوطني الكردستاني لإقليم كردستان في العراق (البرلمان). تشكلت حكومة إقليم كردستان عام 1992م من قبل المجلس الوطني الكردستاني (البرلمان)، وهو أول برلمان منتخب بشكل ديمقراطي في إقليم كردستان والعراق بعد إقامة منطقة الحظر الجوي لحماية الكرد من الغارات الجوية للنظام العراقي السابق عام 1991م. ويتألف المجلس الوطني الكردستاني من: الحزب الديمقراطي الكردستانى والاتحاد الوطني الكردستاني وحزب كادحي كردستان والحزب الاشتراكي الكردستاني والاتحاد الإسلامي الكردستاني والحزب الشيوعي الكردستاني والجماعة الإسلامية وحزب الإخاء التركماني. رئاسة الاقليم تكون للحزب الديمقراطي الكردستاني بينما رئاسة العراق الى الاتحاد الوطني الكردستاني. تتألف حكومة اقليم كردستان الحالية من 27 وزارة وهناك 9 وزراء بدون حقيبة، ومركزها مدينة أربيل \"هولير\" <span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;</span>واللغات الرئيسية في الإقليم هي<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>الكردية والعربية، أما العملة الرسمية فهي الدينار العراقي.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">اقتصاد كردستان العراق</span></strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">يتسم الاقتصاد الكردستاني بالاعتماد الشديد، بصورة مباشرة أو غير مباشرة، على قطاع النفط بالإضافة الى الزراعة والسياحة.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>ونظرًا للأمن النسبي والسلام في المنطقة وسياسات أكثر ليبرالية وسوقًا اقتصادية، فإن اقتصادها أكثر تطورًا مقارنة بأجزاء أخرى من العراق.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">سمح الأمن والاستقرار النسبيان في المنطقة لحكومة أقليم كردستان بالتوقيع على عدد من العقود الاستثمارية مع الشركات الأجنبية ففي عام 2006، تم حفر أول بئر نفطية في منطقة كردستان من قبل شركة الطاقة النرويجية </span><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">DNO</span><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">. كما تمتلك حكومة إقليم كردستان حاليا أربع مناطق اقتصادية خاصة، في دهوك، وباتيفة، وشقلاوة، وجمجمال هي أساسا لتصنيع المواد الهيدروكربونية والأدوية والأغذية المعبأة والأغذية المصنعة. وتشمل هذه أكبر مصنع لتعبئة الكوكا كولا في الشرق الأوسط خارج مصر وإسرائيل ودول مجلس التعاون الخليجي. وأكبر مركز لإنتاج الآيس كريم في العراق وسوريا مجتمعتين. لكن بالرغم من كل الامتيازات الاقتصادية ما زالت المشكلات الرئيسية التي يواجهها الاقليم قائمة، فهو منطقة مغلقة تحيط بها دول غير متعاطفة مع تطلعات الأكراد مثل تركيا وإيران وأخرى تعيش صراعات مثل سوريا وباقي العراق. وهناك مناطق متنازع عليها بين حكومة الإقليم وحكومة العراق المركزية من بينها كركوك الغنية بالنفط والتي يقطنها مزيج من القوميات أهمها الأكراد والتركمان والعرب.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">حلم الاستقلال ودولة كردستان </span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">في مطلع القرن العشرين، بدأت النخب الكردية التفكير في إقامة دولة مستقلة، باسم \"كردستان\". وبعد هزيمة الدولة العثمانية في الحرب العالمية الأولى، وضع الحلفاء الغربيون المنتصرون تصورا لدولة كردية في معاهدة سيفر عام 1920. حيث نصت على تحقيق حل المشكلة الكردية بمراحل، وإذا اجتاز الكرد هذه المراحل، وطالبوا بالاستقلال، ورأت دول الحلفاء أهلية الكرد لذلك يصبح الاستقلال أمرا واقعياً، وعلى الحكومة التركية الاعتراف بذلك&hellip; ويعد هذا أول اعتراف رسمي دولي بحقوق الشعب الكردي، ولا سيما حق تقرير المصير حيث طرحت المسألة في العرف القانوني للمعاهدات الدولية، وقد وصف كمال أتاتورك المعاهدة بأنها بمثابة حكم الإعدام على تركيا، وحاول بمختلف الوسائل وضع العراقيل لمنع تطبيق المعاهدة. إلا أن هذه الآمال تحطمت بعد ثلاث سنوات، إثر توقيع معاهدة لوزان التي وضعت الحدود الحالية لدولة تركيا، بشكل لا يسمح بوجود دولة كردية لان معاهدة لوزان نصت على أن تتعهد أنقرة بمنح معظم سكان تركيا الحماية التامة والكاملة، ومنح الحريات دون تمييز، من غير أن ترد أية إشارة للكرد فيها، كما لم تجر الإشارة إلى معاهدة سيفر، وعدّ الكرد هذه المعاهدة ضربةٌ قاسية ضد مستقبلهم ومحطمة لآمالهم&hellip; وبذلك يتحمل الحلفاء المسؤولية الأخلاقية الكاملة تجاه الشعب الكردي ولا سيما الحكومة البريطانية التي ألحقت فيما بعد ولاية الموصل<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>بالعراق.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">وعلى مدار السنوات الثمانين التالية، سحقت أي محاولة كردية لتأسيس دولة مستقلة أو حكم ذاتي.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">اضرار ومنافع الانفصال </span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">بعد إعلان مصطفى كمال أتاتورك ولادة الجمهورية التركية عام 1923 بدأت مرحلة الضغط على أكراد تركيا، فمنع تدريس اللغة الكردية في المدارس والمعاهد، ومنع التحدث بها في الدوائر الحكومية وحتى الشوارع. بعدها بأربعة أعوام، أُعلن الأكراد عن جمهورية آرارات الكردية المستقلة، وأرسل أكراد تركيا رسائل إلى أكراد سورية والعراق من أجل التعاون معهم، لكن سرعان ما تم القضاء على هذه الجمهورية الضعيفة في العام 1930 على يد الجيش التركي. وفي عام 1946، أفلح أكراد إيران في الإعلان عن ولادة جمهورية مهاباد الشعبية الديمقراطية، بواسطة الحزب الديمقراطي الكردستاني في إيران، لكنها سرعان ما انهارت بعد نحو 10 أشهر نتيجة ضعف الدعم السوفياتي وعدم وجود موافقة دولية على هذه الجمهورية، وبعد هذه الخيبة، عاد الأكراد ليشعروا بالغبن. اما بالنسبة للأكراد في العراق فقد تمتعوا بامتيازات مدنية مقارنة بالأكراد المقيمين في الدول المجاورة: حيث ثار الأكراد في شمال العراق ضد الحكم البريطاني في فترة الانتداب، لكنهم قمعوا. وفي عام 1946 أسس الملا مصطفى البارزاني الحزب الديمقراطي الكردستاني بهدف الحصول على الحكم الذاتي في إقليم كردستان. وبعد ثورة عام 1958، اعترف الدستور المؤقت بالقومية الكردية قومية رئيسية واعتبر الأكراد شركاء في الوطن مع العرب والأقليات الأخرى، لكن الزعيم الكردي مصطفى البارزاني أعلن القتال المسلح عام 1961.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">وفي عام 1970، عرضت الحكومة التي كان يقودها حزب البعث على الأكراد إنهاء القتال ومنحهم منطقة حكم ذاتي. لكن الاتفاق انهار واستؤنف القتال عام 1974وفي نهايات سبعينيات القرن الماضي، بدأت الحكومة في توطين عرب في بعض المناطق لتغيير التركيبية السكانية، خاصة حول مدينة كركوك الغنية بالنفط. كما قامت بإعادة توطين الأكراد في بعض المناطق قسرا.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">وبعد خسارة العراق في حرب الخليج عام 1991، اشتعلت انتفاضة واسعة في مناطق جنوب العراق وإقليم كردستان ولشدة قمع الدولة لهذه الانتفاضة، فرضت الولايات المتحدة وحلفاؤها منطقة حظر جوي على شمال العراق، مما سمح للأكراد بالتمتع بحكم ذاتي. حيث يمتلك اقليم كردستان قوات مسلحة تسمى \"البيشمركة\" (صورة 12) التي تقابل بالعربية \"الفدائيون\" هم مقاتلون أكراد في شمال العراق وتنامت قوات البيشمركة مع اتساع الحركة القومية الكردية وإعلان الثورة في بداية الستينيات، وأصبحت جزءا من الهوية الكردية العامة، للدفاع عن الحقوق القومية والمطالبة بتوسيعها. ودخلت في البيشمركة في حروب مع القوات الحكومية العراقية في مراحل متعددة، كما انخرطت فصائلها في اقتتال داخلي بين الفصائل الكردية في مراحل أخرى. ورسمياً هو جزء من وحدات الدفاع العراقية.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">بعد الغزو الأميركي للعراق عام 2003، توفرت للإقليم فرصة لنزع الاعتراف بإقليمه من البرلمان العراقي، وهو ما حصل في الدستور العراقي الذي اعتُمِد شعبيًا عام 2005، وخصّص نسبة 17% من ميزانية الدولة للإقليم. وانتهى الأمر بوضع خاص لإقليم كردستان العراق، أقل قليلًا من الاستقلال، وأكثر قليلًا من الحكم الذاتي، وحمل الاسم الحالي: إقليم كردستان العراق، الذي أصبح له علمٌ ودستور ونشيد قومي وحكومة وجيش (بشمركة) وبرلمان ومكاتب تمثيل دبلوماسية في السفارات العراقية</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">وعندما انتخب جلال طالباني رئيسا للعراق، وانتخب مسعود برزاني رئيسا لإقليم كردستان العراق، تنامى الأمل الكردي من أجل تقرير المصير.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">ظهر خلاف بين اقليم كردستان وحكومة بغداد المركزية حول عائديه الأراضي المتنازع عليها، ومنها كركوك الغنية بالنفط، فقد وُضعت المادة 140 (التي تنتهي بنودها في 2007) من الدستور العراقي الدائم فيه آلية لحل الأمر، إلا أنه لم يتم تفعيل هذه المادة على الرغم من مرور اثني عشر عامًا. في هذه الأثناء، شهدت المناطق الكردية في العراق استفتاءً سابقًا في كانون الثاني/ يناير 2005، وتجاوزت نسبة المصوتين على الاستقلال 98.19%، لكن لم يقم الأكراد بأي خطوة نحو الاستقلال بانتظار الظرف الملائم، وجاءت الفرصة المناسبة لرئيس إقليم كردستان مسعود برزاني لأجراء استفتاء جديد بنيّة الانفصال والاستقلال هذه المرة الا وهي الحرب على تنظيم داعش كفرصة ملائمة لقوات (البشمركة) الكردية لتتوسع وتفرض أمرًا واقعًا على الأرض في المناطق المتنازع عليها بما فيها كركوك على الرغم من اعتراض المكوِّنين التركماني والعربي، ومكوّنات أخرى أصغر حجمًا في سهل نينوى. قال المتحدث الرسمي باسم \"الحزب الديمقراطي الكردستاني\"، محمود محمد : ان سلطات الإقليم قررت اجراء استفتاء الاستقلال<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>ليس فقط ضمن حدود الإقليم الكردستاني الرسمية، وإنما في جميع المناطق الخاضعة لسيطرة البيشمركة أيضا(<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>كركوك ونينوى) وسيكون على الناخبين الإجابة على سؤال: </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><u><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none;\">&nbsp;</span></span></u></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><u><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none;\">&nbsp;</span></span></u></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><u><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">هل تريدون أن يصبح إقليم كوردستان والمناطق الكردستانية الواقعة خارج إدارة الإقليم دولةً مستقلة؟</span></u></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">وستتم طباعة بطاقات التصويت باللغات الكوردية والعربية والتركمانية والسريانية. وهذا أدى الى تباين ردود أفعال الدول حول هذه الخطوة مغامرة غير محسوبة النتائج فالاستفتاء ينطوي على مجازفة سياسية مفعمة بالمحاذير والمخاطر. فاتصل وزير الخارجية الاميركي ريكس تيلرسون هاتفيا برئيس الإقليم مسعود بارزاني معربا عن رغبة واشنطن في تأجيل الاستفتاء وتأييدها لاستمرار المباحثات والمفاوضات بين الإقليم وبغداد. حينها قالت رئاسة أقليم كردستان العراق إن الشعب الكردي سيمضي قدما في الاستفتاء بشأن استقلال الإقليم. كما أن الولايات المتحدة الأميركية لا تكتم تعاطفها مع الحلم الكردي، وتعتبر الأكراد في العراق وسورية أفضل الحلفاء، إلا أن إدارة الرئيس ترامب أكدت ما سبق والتزمت به الإدارات التي سبقتها من تمسكها بوحدة العراق. وكان من اللافت مسارعة وزارة الخارجية الأميركية، فور إغلاق صناديق الاستفتاء في إقليم كردستان العراق، إلى إصدار بيان أعربت فيه عن &ldquo;خيبتها العميقة&rdquo; من إصرار أربيل على إجراء الاستفتاء، وبأنها تخشى أن يصرف الاستفتاء الانتباه عن \"أولويات أخرى أكثر إلحاحا\" مثل هزيمة تنظيم الدولة الإسلامية. تخوّفًا من احتمالات ملء الفراغ من قبل روسيا وتركيا وإيران، بعد طرد (داعش) من العراق وسورية. كما وتعارض تركيا وإيران وسوريا، وجميعها تقطنها أعداد كبيرة من الأكراد، استقلال كردستان عن العراق. كما قال رئيس الوزراء العراقي، حيدر العبادي، إن إجراء استفتاء الآن لن يكون لا في صالح الأكراد ولا العراق لان إجراء استفتاء في هذا الوقت ليس أمرا صائبا، لأن الحرب لا تزال دائرة، والوضع في المنطقة ليس مستقرا، وبعض الدول المجاورة تعتقد أن هذه الخطوة تمثل تهديدا لأمنها القومي\". وقال وزير الخارجية العراقي إبراهيم الجعفري خلال كلمة أمام الجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة في نيويورك: \"إن الحكومة العراقية طالبت بحكم مسؤوليتها المحكمة الاتحادية العليا بإصدار أمر ولائي يرفض عملية الاستفتاء المزمع عقده في اقليم كردستان العراق والذي يشكل مخالفة كبيرة وخرقا للدستور العراقي لاسيما فيما يتعلق بوضع المناطق المتنازع عليها\". الجدير بالذكر، أن مجلس الأمن الدولي أبدى معارضته للاستفتاء على الاستقلال الذي يعتزم إقليم كردستان العراق تنظيمه ، محذراً من أن هذه الخطوة الأحادية من شأنها أن تزعزع الاستقرار، مجدداً تمسكه بسيادة العراق ووحدته وسلامة أراضيه.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">إجراءات الحكومة المركزية في بغداد والدول الإقليمية </span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">واجهت حكومة إقليم كردستان معارضة دولية وإقليمية واسعة، منذ إعلانها إجراء استفتاء للانفصال عن العراق حيث أن انعكاسات على دول الجوار فيؤجج النزعات الانفصالية للأكراد في دول أخرى بالشرق الأوسط، وهو ما قد يتسبب في تصاعد وتيرة التوترات الأمنية بالمنطقة كلها. ويتزامن ذلك مع ظهور بعض الاتجاهات التي ترجح تنافس الحكومة المركزية في بغداد وكردستان للسيطرة على كركوك، المنطقة الغنية بالنفط، مما يجعلها نقطة انطلاق محتملة للنزاع. وبالمثل فان الحكومة المركزية في بغداد دعت المجتمع الدولي إلى عدم التعامل مع حكومة الإقليم بشكل منفرد فيما يتعلق ببيع النفط بالأسواق الدولية بشكل يمكن أن يؤدي إلى تجميد الصادرات الرئيسية للإقليم من النفط للعالم وهو ما قد يلقى قبولاً لدى مختلف القوى الدولية التي تؤيد حتى الآن سياسة العراق الموحد إزاء قضية استقلال كردستان، كما طلبت الحكومة المركزية من الجارة إيران وتركيا غلق مجالها الجوي أمام اقليم كردستان للحد من تحقيق الاستقلال السياسي والاقتصادي للإقليم حال تمرير الاستفتاء، حيث أعلن الرئيس التركي رجب طيب أردوغان، أن &laquo;هذا الاستفتاء نار ستحرق من أشعلها&raquo;، وشدد على أن من أصر على إجرائه في سبيل مصالحه لن يستطيع مواجهة دول المنطقة في المستقبل، قرر البارزاني إجراء استفتاء جديد في الغالب بنيّة الانفصال والاستقلال هذه المرة. كما توعد الرئيس التركي بدفع ثمن باهظ للقادة الأكراد، وقال إن &laquo;بلاده قدمت جميع أنواع الدعم لسلطات إقليم كردستان العراق إلا أنها أصرت على تنظيم الاستفتاء الذي وصفه بالخطوة الباطلة.&raquo;<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>وفي 2 أكتوبر، 2017 أعلنت صحيفة تركية أن أنقرة سترسل 12 ألف جندي شمال العراق. أما روسيا، فلم تندِّد بالاستفتاء حول استقلال كردستان العراق، مكتفية بالدعوة على لسان وزير خارجيتها، سيرغي لافروف، إلى &ldquo;تحقيق التطلعات المشروعة للأكراد، شأنهم في ذلك شأن غيرهم من الشعوب، في إطار أحكام القانون الدولي&rdquo;. وبالتزامن مع إجراء الاستفتاء، اتجهت شركة (روس نفط)، أكبر شركة نفط في روسيا، لتمويل بناء خط لنقل الغاز من الإقليم إلى تركيا بطاقة تزيد على 30 مليار متر مكعب سنويًا. وينطوي هذا التوجه الروسي على عدة أهداف، يتعلق أحدها بمنافسة النفوذ الأميركي في الشرق الأوسط، من خلال محاولة الاستحواذ على أحد أهم حلفاء واشنطن في العراق. كما أن روسيا تعتبر أن نمو العلاقة مع الأكراد سيمنحها ملعبًا جديدًا للمناورة مع تركيا، خصوصًا إذا عرفنا كيف استثمرت موسكو علاقتها الوطيدة مع أكراد تركيا وسورية، كورقة مساومة مع أنقرة في الملف السوري. اما رئيس وزراء الكيان الصهيوني الغاصب، بنيامين نتنياهو، كان واضحًا، ليس في تأييده الاستفتاء فحسب، بل كذلك في أن &ldquo;يكون للشعب الكردي دولة&rdquo;، وهو موقف نقله إلى الكونغرس الأميركي قائلًا &ldquo;من الضروري أن تكون للكرد في العراق دولة مستقلة، فهم شعب شجاع وبطل، كما أنهم أصدقاء للغرب وللقيم الغربية&hellip; وأصدقاء لنا&rdquo;.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">بينما أكد مصدر مسؤول في وزارة الخارجية الكويتية أن موقف الكويت المبدئي الداعم لعراق موحد باستقلاله وسيادته وأمنه واستقراره. وأخيرا مجلس الأمن حين أبدى في 21 أيلول/ سبتمبر، وبإجماع أعضائه الخمسة عشر، معارضته الاستفتاء على الاستقلال محذّرًا &ldquo;من أن هذه الخطوة الأحادية من شأنها زعزعة الاستقرار، مع تجديد المجلس تمسكه بسيادة العراق ووحدته وسلامة أراضيه&rdquo;.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">قبل موعد الاستفتاء بِأربع وعشرين ساعة، طالبت الحكومة العراقية إقليم كردستان بتسليم المعابر الحدودية والمطارات، كما طالبت الدولَ الأجنبية بعدم التعامل مع الإقليم، حيث بادرت إيران ومصر وشركة طيران الشرق الأوسط اللبنانية إلى حظر جميع الرحلات مع كردستان العراق بناء على طلب حكومة بغداد، عندها جاء الرد برفض إقليم كردستان متمثلاً بنيجيرفان برزاني، تسليم المنافذ الحدودية إلى حكومة بغداد المركزية. في 29 سبتمبر، 2017، حظرت إيران نقل المنتجات النفطية من إقليم كردستان وإليه، وذلك بسبب تعهد طهران مساعدة بغداد في مواجهة استفتاء الأكراد.كما صوت البرلمان العراقي على عدة قرارات من ضمنها تعليق عضوية النواب الأكراد، وأخطر البنك المركزي العراقي حكومة إقليم كردستان بأنه &laquo;سيتوقف عن بيع الدولارات إلى البنوك الكردية الأربعة الرئيسية وسيوقف جميع التحويلات بالعملة الأجنبية إلى المنطقة المتمتعة بحكم ذاتي. كما اجرت القوات العراقية والإيرانية من جهة ومع الجيش التركي من جهة اخرى مناورات عسكرية مشتركة بالقرب من الحدود، وذلك لدعم بغداد ضد استفتاء انفصال كردستان العراق</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">في النهاية </span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">كان للاستفتاء الذي أصرّ البارزاني على إجرائه على الرغم من الاعتراضات والتحذيرات المحلية والإقليمية والدولية العديدة، الكثير من النتائج على الأصعدة كافة، لكنّه بالعموم لم يُحقق أهدافه المتوخاة، يهدِّد الانفصال بانهيار اقتصاد الإقليم الذي ترتبط شرايينه بدول معارضة لهذه الخطوة مثل تركيا والعراق وإيران التي تعتبرها تهديدًا لأمنها القومي، الأمر الذي يضع مسؤولي الإقليم أمام تداعيات صعبة، تتمثل في خنق النفط الذي ما يزال المورد الرئيس لكردستان، فضلًا عن حركة التجارة مع دول الجوار واستثماراتها في العديد من المجالات، خاصة أن ديون الإقليم وصلت إلى نحو (20) مليار دولار، في الوقت الذي تتأثر فيه موازنته بصورة كبيرة بأسعار النفط الذي تشكّل عوائده نحو 90% منها.ان العراق لن يخسر شيئا اقتصاديا من انفصال اقليم كردستان لأنه لا توجد فروع لشركات صناعات السيارات او الآلات الثقيلة او صناعة الاجهزة الكهربائية او حتى انتاج محصول الحنطة والشعير الذي لا تكفي حاجة حتى سكانه. بل على العكس لان جزء الموازنة البالغ ١٧% الذي يذهب كحصة للإقليم سيتم استثماره في باقي المحافظات الاخرى وبعد أن وقعت حكومة الاقليم بين فكي كماشة، إذ تعرضت لضغوطات كبيرة من جانب الحكومة العراقية أبرزها تقليص الموازنة، فقد قررت ابرم اتفاق بين حكومة كردستان مع الحكومة المركزية مفاده أن تصدر المحكمة الاتحادية العليا قرارها النهائي حول إلغاء نتائج الاستفتاء الذي أجري في إقليم كردستان العراق والمناطق المتنازع عليها، وكل ما يترتب عن ذلك الاستفتاء، وأن تمتثل السلطة في إقليم كردستان لقرار المحكمة وتعلن التزامها بقرار الإلغاء، وفي يوم 20 نوفمبر 2017، أصدرت المحكمة الاتحادية العليا العراقية قراراً بعدم دستورية استفتاء انفصال إقليم كردستان والمناطق الخارجة عِنه، وأكدت المحكمة على إلغاء الآثار وكذلك كافة النتائج المُترتبة عليه.</span></p>', '', 44);
INSERT INTO `version_translations` (`id`, `locale`, `title`, `description`, `content`, `tags`, `version_id`) VALUES
(86, 'en', 'Self-determination between the First World and the Third World (a comparative study)', 'The term self-determination in international law means giving the local people or people the possibility to decide what form of power they want and how to achieve it freely and with', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><a name=\"_GoBack\"></a><strong><span lang=\"EN\">Self-determination between the First World and the Third World (a comparative study)</span></strong></span></p>\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"> </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: right; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _GoBack;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></strong></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _GoBack;\"><strong><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Prepared by <span style=\"color: #3598db;\">Dr. Ali Rahim Taima</span></span></strong></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _GoBack;\"><strong><u style=\"text-underline: thick;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Introduction:</span></u></strong></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _GoBack;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The term self-determination in international law means giving the local people or people the possibility to decide what form of power they want and how to achieve it freely and without outside interference.</span></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _GoBack;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Whereas self-determination is a right granted by international conventions and international constitutions by granting the freedom to decide a group or group that enjoys a particular religion, belief, nationality, language, sex or skin color...... etc. in establishing a system of government to organize their social life according to what serves their aspirations and tendencies without being dependent on another country that dictates its own laws and controls and opposes their will and freedoms.</span></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _GoBack;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Not long ago, the world witnessed a series of attempts at self-determination, especially what is happening recently of many attempts to secession, some of which were successful, such as the attempt to self-determination for South Sudan, and others were written on them not to succeed because of the lack of appropriate conditions and premises that serve the process of self-determination, especially the approval of the international community (the great and active countries in the world), such as the attempt to separate Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom of Britain, and another attempt, such as the attempt of separatists in Somalia and the Polisario group in the Maghreb.... Etc.</span></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _GoBack;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The process of self-determination is a difficult process to labor for the birth of a new system of government that is removed from the mother state because the mother state does not easily sacrifice its child as an integral part of it, knowing that most of these groups that intend to secede or self-determination have suffered many countries that were organized under their sovereignty because these groups do not feel their belonging to those countries and that these countries in return did not give them full freedom to organize their affairs in addition to economic exploitation Correctness of characterization.</span></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _GoBack;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Among the attempts that sought self-determination in the first world was the attempt to separate the region of Catalonia from the Kingdom of Spain, and in the third world the attempt to separate the Kurdistan region from the Republic of Iraq, but these attempts were unsuccessful, but the way the central government dealt with the two worlds with the two attempts were different according to the political awareness of both countries.</span></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _GoBack;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _GoBack;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 115%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _GoBack;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _GoBack;\"><strong><u style=\"text-underline: thick;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">First World (Catalonia)</span></u></strong></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _GoBack;\"><strong><u style=\"text-underline: thick;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none;\">&nbsp;</span></span></u></strong></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraph\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: 115%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; margin: 0in 0in .0001pt 22.5pt;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _GoBack;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\';\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">1.<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Geographical and economic location of Catalonia</span></strong></span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _GoBack;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">:</span></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _GoBack;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Catalonia is a region located in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain)</span></span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _GoBack;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN;\"> and represents the gateway of the </span></span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _GoBack;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Iberian Peninsula to the European continent (fig. 1). It is self-governing and its capital is the city of Barcelona.</span></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _GoBack;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Catalonia is divided into four provinces: Barcelona, Girona, Lleida and Tarragona. The legislature is represented in the Parliament of Catalonia, has a flag and a national anthem for the region, and its people speak a different language from the rest of Spain. It also has its own police and controls the majority of its public services.</span></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _GoBack;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The region has several sources of wealth, as Catalonia is the most economic, tourist and industrial areas, it provides about a third of the Spanish industrial output, and the city of Barcelona is one of the most important seaports on the Mediterranean Sea and has a coast teeming with tourists from different regions of the world, and it is the center of the third largest Spanish bank (La Caixa Bank), in addition to the headquarters of the giant natural gas company, which has the official headquarters of more than 800 companies and Catalonia is the richest region in Spain and contributes about a quarter of the total exports country.</span></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _GoBack;\"><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: center; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\" align=\"center\"><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The nature of the system of government in the region:</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The autonomous government of the region of Catalonia consists of the Executive Council of Catalonia (Generals de Catalunya) </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">It is the body that regulates the inclusive political system of government in Catalonia (fig. 2), including sub-municipalities and courts, not just the executive organs of government. This body consists of the Parliament of Catalonia (135 deputies, elected by universal suffrage by Catalan citizens), the President of the Government of Catalonia.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;</span>The local government in Catalonia has broad and exclusive powers in matters such as culture, environment, communications, transport, commerce and public safety, and handles most of the police and security functions previously carried out by the Civil Guard and the Spanish National Police.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>It shares its powers with the central government in Madrid in education, health and justice.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Preparing for the separation process (logistically politically and internationally)</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The beginning of the process of preparing for secession through civil and political activists calling for secession and some of the Catalan people, by distributing posters, posters calling for the independence referendum on bus and metro stations, writing on some walls, holding seminars and dialogues in youth centers and clubs for the purpose of promoting the referendum.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Here the news began to reach the central government, which warned the government of Catalonia of the consequences of proceeding on the path of the referendum and the dire consequences that will befall the region of Catalonia, including began to impose high fines of up to 50 thousand euros on the printing presses that print any poster or poster calling for secession and began here the first stages of boiling between the region and the government of the center and here began the first sparks of anger where activists and supporters of secession began to put stools and posters at night for fear of financial fines, where it was The author of the article notices when going to university (even in an elevator).</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Among other measures taken by Madrid is to authorize the head of the Spanish government to file an urgent appeal in its name before the Constitutional Court, against the decision of the Parliament of Catalonia and the decree of its government, claiming that they violated the constitution. The constitution gives the central government in Madrid the right to compel the local government in Catalonia to withdraw the referendum.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Here came the response of the Constitutional Court of Spain on September 12, 2017, stressing that the ballot is illegal because it considered that this referendum contradicts the Constitution of Spain 1978.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;</span>But the president of the region of Catalonia, Carles Puigdemont, confirmed his intention to hold the poll on time (photo 3), and issued a statement in which he clarified that \"we will not hold elections in polling stations such as schools and institutes built with Madrid money, but we will hold our referendum in our schools that we built with Catalan money.\"</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The prosecutor of the Supreme Court of Catalonia then ordered the Catalan police, the Civil Guard and the National Police Authority to storm the polling stations to prevent the elections from taking place.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">As a precautionary measure, thousands of Spanish police were sent from Madrid to the region with the aim of preventing any movement by holding the referendum and seizing polling stations. Upon the arrival of the Spanish police regiments in Barcelona, Carles Puigdemont, the head of the Catalan government, addressed the Spanish police, in which he said: \"I do not think anyone will use violence or incite violence, and he called on them to act in a professional capacity and not in a political manner.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Puigdemont also confirmed during his meeting with representatives of the educational centers where the polling stations will be held and said we will go to the end, noting that he and his government bear full responsibility for organizing the vote despite all the warnings expressed by the central government in the event of a light in the vote</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; color: #3f3f42; background: #FDFDFD; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">4</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">. Referendum Day and Beyond: Secession of Catalonia and Declaration of Independence</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">After the arrival of thousands of Spanish police to the region of Catalonia and the change of the director of the police of the city of Barcelona (according to an order issued by the Spanish Prime Minister), many patrols of the Spanish police and riot police began to roam the areas of the city, especially near the polling stations, when the government of Catalonia sent notices to the population asking them to protect the polling stations, so the pro-secession Catalans occupied schools to avoid their closure by the Spanish authorities and they continued to occupy them until the morning of the referendum. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The Public Prosecution Office issued an order to collect the names of everyone who participated in the vote, the relevant documents would be confiscated, and anyone who had the keys to enter the polling station would be considered complicit in the crimes of disobedience, offenses and theft of money </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">On October 1, 2017, a referendum for the independence of Catalonia was organized within the region of Catalonia, the results of which the Spanish authorities refused to recognize, and the confrontation began between the police forces who are trying to prevent citizens from casting their votes, whether by closing the doors of schools or seizing the ballot boxes and voter name registers, and finally using force (batons) to beat and disperse the voters participating in the referendum which led to the injury of dozens. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Shocked Catalans of these scenes quoted by the media, which showed the cruelty of the police towards the people of the region of Catalonia and these incidents had negative consequences on citizens rejecting independence from the people of Catalonia and the shock was that citizens began to express their rejection of these measures to go out on the balconies of their homes and knock on the balustrade every day at eight o\'clock in the evening for 10 minutes to express their rejection of this brutality towards the participants in the vote on secession.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;</span>A week after the referendum, specifically on October 27, 2017, the Parliament of Catalonia announced the separation of the region from Spain by a vote of 70 to 10, with which Catalonia can reinvest the tax money it sends to the government of Madrid, which is equivalent to 9% of GDP, which causes very negative effects on the Spanish economy and its instability, so that the capital, Madrid, revised its growth forecast in 2018 from 2.6 to 2.3% of GDP.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Where Catalonia contributed 19% of Spain\'s GDP, very slightly ahead of Madrid\'s contribution of 18.9%, to become the region seeking secession as the richest Spanish region, and is fourth in terms of measuring GDP per capita by 28,600 euros, compared to an average of 24,000 euros in Spain, behind Madrid, the Basque Country, and Lannavare.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">At the same time, the declaration of separation had a negative economic impact on Catalonia, where the Spanish Minister of Economy explained, that Catalonia in the event of its independence will be outside the European Union, and will witness a decline in its gross product by between 25 and 30% and a decrease in tax revenues paid by companies leaving the capital of the region Barcelona to Madrid and other Spanish regions, because what the world of finance and business fears most is instability. </span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Investment in the region will no longer be feasible if it separates because of its small market, which has no more than 7.5 million consumers, compared to a Spanish and European market with more than 500 million consumers. This means that the separation of the industrially developed region will deprive local and European companies operating in it of the advantage of producing and selling in the large market, and this will push them to emigrate. If that happens, tens, even hundreds of thousands, of Catalans will lose their jobs and livelihoods.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">In addition to the decline in tourism, which causes an increase in unemployment due to the instability of the situation that results from the declaration of independence image 7.Brussels will also refrain from accepting Catalonia in the European Union because of the categorical Spanish rejection supported by France, Italy, Germany and most of the European continent.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The central government in Madrid also questioned the percentage of supporters of secession and that most of the ballot boxes were confiscated by the police. Poigdemont got up and asked the supporters of secession to go out in demonstrations at 8 pm starting from one of the old and famous streets in Barcelona (Grand Crassia Street) towards the famous Plaza Catalunya with a candle and here when the media filmed these demonstrations with very large crowds, Poigdemont said that 90 percent of the Catalan people support secession and these demonstrations prove that according to the various media and they reject the decisions of the central government</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;\"> .</span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">In response to the declaration of secession, the Spanish Senate voted in an unprecedented step to activate Article 155 of the constitution, which allows the central government to suspend autonomy in Catalonia and impose direct rule on it, and the vote came with 214 votes in favor, 47 against and one abstention.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Later, the Spanish Prime Minister, Mariano Rajoy, held an emergency meeting of the Spanish government Photo 8, following which he</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">announced that the government had begun taking action in response to Catalonia\'s declaration of secession:</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst\" style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: 115%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\';\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">1-<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The dissolution of Catalonia\'s regional government, the first of its kind since the adoption of the constitution in 1978, as a measure to thwart the independence campaign and assuage fears of economic turmoil and problems in the heart of the eurozone.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: 115%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\';\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">2-<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The central government in Madrid took full control of the government, police and state media headquarters in the region and suspended the powers of the regional parliament for six months until early elections were held in Catalonia.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: 115%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\';\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">3-<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Spanish authorities arrested the heads of Catalonia\'s two most prominent separatist organizations, Jordi Sanchez, who leads the Association of the Catalan National Assembly, and Jordi Cochart, who leads a pro-independence cultural movement.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: 115%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\';\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">4-<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">On the other hand, Catalan police chief Josep Luis Trapero complied with the Spanish judiciary in Madrid to be questioned on charges of disobedience and not preventing the holding of the banned referendum. Despite prosecutors\' requests to detain him pending trial, the court allowed him to leave without detaining him.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpLast\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; line-height: 115%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0in .5in 8.0pt 0in;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 115%;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy told council members that direct rule was needed to restore \"law, democracy and stability\" to Catalonia and that there was little prospect of escalating the crisis into armed conflict, but that it would damage the Spanish economy and possibly cause crises in the euro zone.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The Spanish prime minister also said he had not stripped Catalonia of autonomy but was returning \"the region to the rule of law because the actions of the local government \"go against the law and seek confrontation.\"</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 115%;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Catalan leader Carles Puigdemont rejected the Spanish government\'s measures, saying in a televised address that they were \"incompatible with democratic behaviour and do not respect the rule of law\". The regional parliament also described the measures as a \"coup\", and the speaker of the Catalan parliament said in a speech to her colleagues that the Spanish prime minister \"carried out a coup to end the powers of parliamentarians\".</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 115%;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">On October 14, 2019, the Spanish Supreme Court ruled on a number of decisions, including: </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst\" style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: 115%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\';\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">1-<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Nine of Catalonia\'s separatist leaders have been jailed for between nine and 13 years for inciting rebellions for their role in the region\'s failed bid for independence Photo 9.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: 115%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\';\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">2-<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The court sentenced the former vice president of the region, Oriol Gonqueras, to 13 years in prison for incitement and misuse of public funds.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpLast\" style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; line-height: 115%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\';\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">3-<span style=\"font: 7.0pt \'Times New Roman\';\">&nbsp; </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Twelve people have also been prosecuted for their actions in Catalonia\'s bid to secede from Spain after an illegal independence referendum.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 115%;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Absent from the trials was the key figure in the secession attempt, former Catalan President Carlos Puigdemont, who fled to Belgium, and will be the biggest absentee from this trial, as Spain does not try in absentia those accused of serious misdemeanors.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">On 23/06/2021, the Spanish authorities released nine leaders of Catalan separatists who were granted amnesty by government decisions, in a move that Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez said represented a gesture of reconciliation, allowing the start of a new phase of dialogue and ending the state of division and clash between the central and regional authorities.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; color: red;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Kurdistan Region Independence Referendum and its Results </span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The word Kurdistan consists of two parts, the first of which is \"Kurd\" in relation to the Kurdish people, and the second part is \"Stan\" meaning home or place. The Kurds are an ethnic minority found in three countries Iraq, Iran and Turkey.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The name \"Kurdistan\", which translates to \"land of Kurds\", was first documented in Seljuk records in the eleventh century and the Ottoman Empire used the term \"Kurdistan\" to refer to an administrative unit rather than a geographical area. Kurdistan is a mountainous region with natural boundaries.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;</span>The term Kurdistan covers a large part of the Near East: the northern regions of Iraq, Syria and the entire West Iran from north to south up to the Persian Gulf and the entire eastern and central parts of the Republic of Turkey and sometimes the western regions of the Republic of Armenia and Georgia are also included in this geographical land.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Iraqi Kurds are concentrated in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Erbil Governorate, Kirkuk Governorate, Dohuk Governorate, Sinjar and Akre areas of Nineveh Governorate. As well as in the Khanaqin and Mandali areas of Diyala province, where they border the Kurds of Iran to the west of the Zakros Mountains, as well as in the Badra and Jasan areas of Wasit province. The number of Iraqi Kurds is estimated at about five million and two hundred thousand people.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The system of government in the Kurdistan Region</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) is the executive authority for decisions enacted by the Kurdistan National Council of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (Parliament).</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) was formed in 1992 by the Kurdistan National Assembly (Parliament), the first democratically elected parliament in the Kurdistan Region and Iraq (Fig. 11) after the establishment of a no-fly zone to protect the Kurds from airstrikes by the former Iraqi regime in 1991.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The National Council of Kurdistan consists of: the Kurdistan Democratic Party, the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, the Kurdistan Toilers Party, the Kurdistan Socialist Party, the Kurdistan Islamic Union, the Kurdistan Communist Party, the Islamic Group and the Turkmen Brotherhood Party.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The presidency of the region belongs to the Kurdistan Democratic Party while the presidency of Iraq goes to the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan. The current Kurdistan Regional Government consists of 27 ministries and there are 9 ministers without portfolio, and its center is the city of Erbil \"Hawler\".</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The main languages of the region are Kurdish and Arabic, and the official currency is the Iraqi dinar.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Economy of Iraqi Kurdistan</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The Kurdistan economy is characterized by heavy dependence, directly or indirectly, on the oil sector as well as agriculture and tourism.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>Given the relative security and peace of the region, more liberal policies and an economic market, its economy is more developed compared to other parts of Iraq.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The relative security and stability of the region allowed the KRG to sign a number of investment contracts with foreign companies: in 2006, the first oil well in the Kurdistan region was drilled by the Norwegian energy company DNO.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The KRG currently has four special economic zones, in Dohuk, Batifa, Shaqlawa and Chamchamal that are mainly for the manufacture of hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals, packaged food and processed foods. These include the largest Coca-Cola bottling plant in the Middle East outside Egypt, Israel and the GCC. It is the largest ice cream production center in Iraq and Syria combined.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">But despite all the economic privileges, the main problems facing the region remain: a closed region surrounded by countries unsympathetic to Kurdish aspirations such as Turkey and Iran and others in conflict such as Syria and the rest of Iraq. There are disputed areas between the KRG and Iraq\'s central government, including oil-rich Kirkuk, which is home to a mix of ethnic groups, mainly Kurds, Turkmens and Arabs.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The dream of independence and the state of Kurdistan </span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">At the turn of the twentieth century, Kurdish elites began to think about establishing an independent state, called Kurdistan. After the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, the victorious Western Allies envisioned a Kurdish state in the Treaty of S&egrave;vres in 1920.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">It stipulated the achievement of solving the Kurdish problem in stages, and if the Kurds pass these stages, and demand independence, and the Allied countries see the eligibility of the Kurds, so independence becomes a reality, and the Turkish government must recognize this... This is the first official international recognition of the rights of the Kurdish people, especially the right to self-determination, as the issue was raised in the legal custom of international treaties, Kemal Ataturk described the treaty as a death sentence against Turkey, and tried by various means to put obstacles to prevent the application of the treaty.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">However, these hopes were dashed three years later, following the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne, which set the current borders of the State of Turkey, in a way that does not allow the existence of a Kurdish state because the Treaty of Lausanne stipulated that Ankara would pledge to grant most of the population of Turkey full and complete protection, and to grant freedoms without discrimination, without any reference to the Kurds in it, nor was there any reference to the Treaty of S&egrave;vres, and the Kurds considered this treaty a severe blow against their future and shattered their hopes... The Allies thus bear full moral responsibility to the Kurdish people, particularly the British government, which later annexed Mosul to Iraq.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Over the next eighty years, any Kurdish attempt to establish an independent state or autonomy was crushed</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Disadvantages and benefits of separation </span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">After Mustafa Kemal Ataturk announced the birth of the Turkish Republic in 1923, the stage of pressure began on the Kurds of Turkey, preventing the teaching of the Kurdish language in schools and institutes, and preventing it from being spoken in government departments and even the streets. Four years later, the Kurds declared the independent Kurdish Republic of Ararat, and Turkish Kurds sent letters to the Kurds of Syria and Iraq to cooperate with them, but this weak republic was soon eliminated in 1930 by the Turkish army.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">In 1946, the Kurds of Iran succeeded in announcing the birth of the People\'s Democratic Republic of Mahabad by the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) in Iran, but it quickly collapsed after about 10 months due to weak Soviet support and lack of international approval for this republic.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">As for the Kurds in Iraq, they enjoyed civilian privileges compared to the <strong>Kurds living in neighboring countries:</strong></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Kurds in northern Iraq revolted against British rule during the Mandate, but were suppressed. In 1946, Mullah Mustafa Barzani founded the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) with the aim of gaining autonomy in the Kurdistan Region. After the 1958 revolution, the interim constitution recognized Kurdish nationalism as a major nationality and considered Kurds as partners in the homeland with Arabs and other minorities, but Kurdish leader Mustafa Barzani declared armed combat in 1961.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">In 1970, the Baath-led government offered the Kurds an end to the fighting and give them an autonomous region. But the agreement collapsed and fighting resumed in 1974, and at the end of the seventies, the government began settling Arabs in some areas to change the demographics, especially around the oil-rich city of Kirkuk. It has also forcibly resettled Kurds in some areas.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">After Iraq\'s loss in the 1991 Gulf War, a massive uprising erupted in southern Iraq and the Kurdistan region, and due to the intensity of the state\'s suppression of this uprising, the United States and its allies imposed a no-fly zone on northern Iraq, allowing the Kurds to enjoy autonomy.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The Kurdistan region has armed forces called the Peshmerga (Fig. 12), which corresponds in Arabic to \"fedayeen\" are Kurdish fighters in northern Iraq, and the Peshmerga forces grew with the expansion of the Kurdish nationalist movement and the declaration of the revolution in the early sixties, and became part of the general Kurdish identity, to defend national rights and demand their expansion. The Peshmerga went into war with Iraqi government forces at various stages, and its factions engaged in infighting between Kurdish factions at other stages. Officially it is part of the Iraqi Defense Units.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">After the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, the region had an opportunity to remove recognition of its territory from the Iraqi parliament, which was the case in the Iraqi constitution, which was popularly adopted in 2005, and allocated 17% of the state budget to the region. It ended up with a special status for the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, slightly less than independence, and little more than autonomy, and bearing the current name: the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, which now has a flag, a constitution, a national anthem, a government, an army (Peshmerga), a parliament and diplomatic representative offices in Iraqi embassies.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">When Jalal Talabani was elected president of Iraq and Masoud Barzani was elected president of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, Kurdish hope for self-determination grew.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Article 140 (whose provisions expire in 2007) of the permanent Iraqi constitution has established a mechanism to resolve the matter, but this article has not been activated despite the passage of twelve years.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Meanwhile, the Kurdish regions of Iraq witnessed a previous referendum inJanuary 2005, and the percentage of voters for independence exceeded 98.19%, but the Kurds did not take any step towards independence waiting for the appropriate circumstance, and the right opportunity came for the President of the Kurdistan Region, Masoud Barzani, to hold a referendum. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The war against ISIS is a convenient opportunity for the Kurdish Peshmerga forces to expand and impose a fait accompli on the ground in the disputed areas, including Kirkuk (Fig. 13), despite the objections of the Turkmen and Arab components, and other smaller components in the Nineveh Plains.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The official spokesman for the Kurdistan Democratic Party, Mahmoud Mohammed, said that the regional authorities decided to hold the independence referendum not only within the official borders of the Kurdistan region, but also in all areas under the control of the Peshmerga (Kirkuk and Nineveh) and voters will have to answer a question: </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\"><strong><u><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Do you want the Kurdistan Region and the Kurdistan regions outside the administration of the Region to become an independent state?</span></u></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Voting papers will be printed in Kurdish, Arabic, Turkmen and Syriac </span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">This led to mixed reactions of countries to this step, an adventure with uncalculated results, as the referendum involves political risk full of caveats and risks.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson phoned President Massoud Barzani by phone, expressing Washington\'s desire to postpone the referendum and its support for the continuation of talks and negotiations between the region and Baghdad. At the time, the presidency of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq said that the Kurdish people would go ahead with the referendum on the region\'s independence.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The United States also does not hide its sympathy for the Kurdish dream, and considers the Kurds in Iraq and Syria the best allies, but the Trump administration has confirmed what previous administrations have already committed to in adhering to the unity of Iraq. Notably, immediately after the referendum boxes in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq closed, the U.S. State Department issued a statement expressing \"deep disappointment\" at Erbil\'s insistence on holding the referendum and fearing that the referendum would divert attention from \"other, more urgent priorities\" such as defeating the Islamic State. Fearing the possibility of filling the vacuum by Russia, Turkey and Iran, after the expulsion of ISIS from Iraq and Syria.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Turkey, Iran and Syria, all of which are populated by large Kurdish populations, also oppose Kurdistan\'s independence from Iraq.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi also said that holding a referendum now will not be in the interest of neither the Kurds nor Iraq because holding a referendum at this time is not right, because the war is still ongoing, the situation in the region is not stable, and some neighboring countries believe that this step represents a threat to their national security.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Iraqi Foreign Minister Ibrahim al-Jaafari said during a speech to the United Nations General Assembly in New York: \"The Iraqi government, by virtue of its responsibility, demanded the Federal Supreme Court to issue a state order rejecting the referendum process to be held in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, which constitutes a major violation and violation of the Iraqi constitution, especially with regard to the status of the disputed areas.\"</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">It is worth noting that the UN Security Council expressed its opposition to the referendum on independence that the Kurdistan Region of Iraq intends to organize, warning that this unilateral step would destabilize, reiterating its attachment to the sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of Iraq.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Central Government Actions in Baghdad and Regional Countries</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) has faced wide international and regional opposition since announcing a referendum to secede from Iraq, as repercussions on neighboring countries fuel Kurdish separatist tendencies in other countries in the Middle East, which could cause an escalation of security tensions in the entire region.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;</span>This coincides with the emergence of some trends that favor the central government in Baghdad and Kurdistan competing for control of Kirkuk, an oil-rich region, making it a potential starting point for the conflict. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Similarly, the central government in Baghdad called on the international community not to deal with the regional government unilaterally with regard to the sale of oil on international markets in a way that could lead to the freezing of the region\'s main oil exports to the world, which may be acceptable to the various international powers that have so far supported the policy of a united Iraq towards the issue of the independence of Kurdistan. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The central government also asked neighboring Iran and Turkey to close its airspace to the Kurdistan region to limit the achievement of political and economic independence for the region if the referendum is passed, as Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan announced that &laquo;this referendum is a fire that will burn from its kindling&raquo;, and stressed that those who insisted on holding it for the sake of his interests will not be able to confront the countries of the region in the future, Barzani decided to hold a new referendum mostly with the intention of separation and independence this time.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The Turkish president also vowed to pay a heavy price to Kurdish leaders, saying that \"his country provided all kinds of support to the authorities of the Kurdistan region of Iraq, but insisted on organizing the referendum, which he described as a false step.\"<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span>On October 2, 2017, a Turkish newspaper announced that Ankara would send 12,000 troops to northern Iraq.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Russia did not condemn the referendum on the independence of Iraqi Kurdistan, calling only through its Foreign Minister, Sergei Lavrov, to \"achieve the legitimate aspirations of the Kurds, like other peoples, within the framework of the provisions of international law.\" In conjunction with the referendum, Rosneft, Russia\'s largest oil company, financed the construction of a gas pipeline from the region to Turkey with a capacity of more than 30 billion cubic meters per year.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">This Russian approach has several objectives, one of which is related to competing for American influence in the Middle East by trying to acquire one of Washington\'s most important allies in Iraq. Russia also believes that the growth of the relationship with the Kurds will give it a new playground for maneuver with Turkey, especially if we know how Moscow invested its close relationship with the Kurds of Turkey and Syria, as a bargaining chip with Ankara in the Syrian file.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The prime minister of the usurping Zionist entity, Benjamin Netanyahu, was clear not only in his support for the referendum, but also in that \"the Kurdish people have a state,\" a position he conveyed to the US Congress, saying, \"It is necessary for the Kurds in Iraq to have an independent state, they are a brave and heroic people, and they are friends of the West and Western values... and our friends.\"</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">An official source in the Kuwaiti Ministry of Foreign Affairs confirmed that Kuwait\'s principled position in support of a unified Iraq with its independence, sovereignty, security and stability.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Finally, on 21 September, the Security Council, with the unanimous vote of its fifteen members, expressed its opposition to the independence referendum, warning that \"this unilateral step would destabilize, as the Council renews its attachment to the sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of Iraq\".</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Twenty-four hours before the date of the referendum, the Iraqi government demanded that the Kurdistan region hand over border crossings and airports, and demanded that foreign countries not deal with the region, as Iran, Egypt and the Lebanese Middle East Airlines took the initiative to ban all flights with Iraqi Kurdistan at the request of the Baghdad government, then the response came with the refusal of the Kurdistan region, represented by Nechirvan Barzani, to hand over the border crossings to the central government of Baghdad.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">On September 29, 2017, Iran banned the transfer of petroleum products to and from the Kurdistan Region, due to Tehran\'s pledge to help Baghdad counter the Kurdish referendum.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The Iraqi parliament also voted on several resolutions, including suspending the membership of Kurdish deputies, and the Central Bank of Iraq notified the Kurdistan Regional Government that it \"will stop selling dollars to the four main Kurdish banks and stop all foreign currency transfers to the autonomous region. Iraqi and Iranian forces on the one hand and the Turkish army (photo 16) on the other held joint military exercises near the border, in order to support Baghdad against the referendum on the secession of Iraqi Kurdistan.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">After all </span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The referendum, which Barzani insisted on holding despite numerous local, regional and international objections and warnings, had many results at all levels, but in general it did not achieve its desired goals.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The separation threatens the collapse of the region\'s economy, whose arteries are linked to countries opposed to this step, such as Turkey, Iraq and Iran, which consider it a threat to their national security, which puts the region\'s officials in front of difficult repercussions, represented in the strangulation of oil, which is still the main resource for Kurdistan, as well as the movement of trade with neighboring countries and their investments in many fields, especially since the region\'s debts reached about (20) billion dollars, at a time when its budget is greatly affected by oil prices, whose revenues constitute about 90% of them.</span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: \'Simplified Arabic\',serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Iraq will not lose anything economically from the secession of the Kurdistan region because there are no branches of companies manufacturing cars, heavy machinery, manufacturing electrical appliances, or even producing wheat and barley, which is not enough for even its inhabitants. On the contrary, the 17% portion of the budget that goes as a share to the region will be invested in the rest of the other governorates.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;\">After the regional government fell between the jaws of pincers, as it was subjected to great pressure from the Iraqi government, most notably the budget reduction, it decided to conclude an agreement between the Kurdistan Government and the central government to the effect that the Federal Supreme Court would issue its final decision on canceling the results of the referendum held in the Kurdistan region of Iraq and the disputed areas, and all the consequences of that referendum, and that the authority in the Kurdistan region would comply with the court\'s decision and declare its commitment to the cancellation decision, and on November 20, 2017, the court issued The Iraqi Supreme Federation decided on the unconstitutionality of the referendum on the secession of the Kurdistan region and the areas outside it, and the court confirmed the cancellation of the effects as well as all its consequences.</span></p>', '', 44);
INSERT INTO `version_translations` (`id`, `locale`, `title`, `description`, `content`, `tags`, `version_id`) VALUES
(89, 'ar', 'التنافس على مناطق النفوذ بين الولايات المتحدة والصين: منطقة بحر الصين الجنوبي وأمريكا اللاتينية', 'تمتلك أي دولة في العالم عدة مناطق جغرافية محيطة بها يتأثر أمنها القومي بأمن واستقرار هذه المناطق الجغرافية سواء أن كان هذا التأثير بالسلب أو الايجاب، فمنذ قرن مضى.....', '<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0in -45.4pt 10.0pt -42.55pt;\" align=\"center\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">التنافس</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">على</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">مناطق</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">النفوذ</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بين</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الولايات</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المتحدة</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">والصين</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">: </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">منطقة</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بحر</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الجنوبي</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">وأمريكا</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">اللاتينية</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0in -45.4pt 10.0pt -42.55pt;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">ايمان</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الفخراني</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0in -45.4pt 10.0pt -42.55pt;\"><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تمتلك</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">دولة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">في</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">العالم</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">عدة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">مناطق</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">جغرافية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">محيطة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بها</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">يتأثر</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أمنها</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">القومي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بأمن</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">واستقرار</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">هذه</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المناطق</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الجغرافية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">سواء</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أن</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">كان</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">هذا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">التأثير</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بالسلب</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أو</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الايجاب</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">، </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">فمنذ</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">قرن</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">مضى</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">وربما</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أكثر</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">كانت</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">القارة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">اللاتينية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تقع</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">ضمن</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المناطق</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">التي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">حافظت</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الولايات</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المتحدة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">على</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أمنها</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">واستقرارها</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">ضد</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">التوسعات</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الاستعمارية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; </span></span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">للدول</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الأوروبية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">، </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">وكما</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">اعتبرت</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الولايات</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المتحدة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">نفسها</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">مسؤولة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">عن</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أمريكا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">اللاتينية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">، </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">كانت</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المنطقة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الجغرافية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">لبحر</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الجنوبي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">قديمًا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">جزء</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">لا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">يتجزأ</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">من</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الامبراطورية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصينية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تسعى</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الآن</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">لإرفاقها</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">ضمن</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">سيادتها</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">، </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">لكن</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الحالة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">التي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تشهدها</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">العلاقات</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الدولية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">من</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تنافس</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">والولايات</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المتحدة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">في</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">مناطق</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">عديدة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">من</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">العالم</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">واعتبار</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">كل</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">منهما</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الأخر</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تهديدًا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">ومنافسًا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">له</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">، </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">حال</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">دون</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أمن</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">واستقرار</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">مناطق</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">نفوذهما</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">سواء</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أن</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">كان</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بحر</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الجنوبي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أو</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أمريكا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">اللاتينية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">؛ </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">وذلك</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">لأن</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">كلًا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">من</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الولايات</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المتحدة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">والصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تتبع</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بشكل</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أو</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بأخر</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">استراتيجية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">ضد</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">خصمه</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">في</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">منطقة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">نفوذه</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">؛ </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">في</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">محاولة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">استغلال</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أهمية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">هذه</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المنطقة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">لأمن</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">خصمه</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">القومي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">والاضرار</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بمصالحه</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الحيوية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">، </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">ومن</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">ثم</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">اكتساب</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">ميزة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تنافسية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">ضد</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">خصمه</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0in -45.4pt 10.0pt -42.55pt;\"><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">فالولايات</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المتحدة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">ربما</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">منذ</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">عقد</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أو</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أكثر</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">عملت</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">على</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">زيادة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">وجودها</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">العسكري</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">في</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">منطقة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بحر</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الجنوبي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بشكل</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">يثير</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">استفزاز</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">لتقارب</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">البحر</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">مع</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الشواطئ</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الساحلية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الشرقية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">للصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">، </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">وقد</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">يُوحي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">لمتابع</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الأحداث</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">العالمية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">من</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">غير</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المتخصصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أن</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">هناك</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">نُذر</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">حرب</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">ما</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">قادمة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">؛ </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">نتيجة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الاستفزاز</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الأمريكي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">العسكري</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">للصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">من</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">ناحية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">وضبط</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">النفس</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الذي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تمارسه</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">من</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">ناحية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أخرى</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">والتي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">قد</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تخرج</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">عنه</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">في</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بعض</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الأحيان</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">؛ </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بسبب</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">مرور</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">العديد</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">من</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">القطع</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">البحرية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">التابعة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">للجيش</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الأمريكي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بالمياه</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">التي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تدعي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أن</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">لها</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">حقوقًا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تاريخية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">فيها</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">دون</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">استئذان</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">صيني</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">مسبق</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">، </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">والذي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تراه</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">من</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">ناحية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أخرى</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">انتقاصًا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">لحقوقها</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">السيادية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">واضرارًا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بأمنها</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">القومي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0in -45.4pt 10.0pt -42.55pt;\"><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أما</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">التواجد</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصيني</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">في</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أمريكا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">اللاتينية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">وعلى</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">اختلافه</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">جوهريًا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">عن</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الوجود</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الأمريكي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">في</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بحر</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">من</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">حيث</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تركيزه</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بشكل</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أساسي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">على</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">العامل</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الاقتصادي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">، </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">إلا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أنه</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بالنسبة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">للولايات</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المتحدة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> <span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تهديدًا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">لمصالحها</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">في</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">فنائها</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الخلفي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">؛ </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">خاصةً</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">عندما</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">ارتفع</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">حجم</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">التجارة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الثنائية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">ودول</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أمريكا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">اللاتينية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">إلى</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> 300 </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">مليار</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">دولار</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">في</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الفترة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> 2000 </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">إلى</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> 2019<a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn1;\" title=\"\" href=\"file:///C:/Users/HP/Desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB%20%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%20%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89%20%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82%20%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89%20%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B0%20%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-special-character: footnote;\"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>،</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-SA\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif;\">و</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">زيادة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">القروض</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصينية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المقدمة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">لدول</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أمريكا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">اللاتينية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">إلى</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> 137 </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">مليار</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">دولار</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">سنة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> 2019<a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn2;\" title=\"\" href=\"file:///C:/Users/HP/Desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB%20%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%20%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89%20%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82%20%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89%20%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B0%20%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-special-character: footnote;\"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>، </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">وتعتبر</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الولايات</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المتحدة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">التنامي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصيني</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الاقتصادي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">في</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أمريكا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">اللاتينية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أو</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">منطقة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">عامةً</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بداية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">للتغلغل</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصيني</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">، </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بالشكل</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الذي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">يعمل</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">على</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الاضرار</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بنفوذها</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">وتأثيرها</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">على</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">قرارات</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">دول</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أمريكا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">اللاتينية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">في</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المستقبل</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">، </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">وينظر</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بعض</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المحللين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">للعلاقات</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الدولية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">إلى</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الوجود</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصيني</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">في</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أمريكا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">اللاتينية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بأنه</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">رد</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">فعل</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">طبيعي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">ومماثل</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">للوجود</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">العسكري</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الأمريكي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">في</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بحر</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">، </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">فكما</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تتواجد</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الولايات</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المتحدة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">في</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">منطقة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بحر</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الجنوبي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">منطقة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">النفوذ</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصينية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تتواجد</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">في</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أمريكا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">اللاتينية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">منطقة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">النفوذ</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">للولايات</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المتحدة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">، </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">وتسعى</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">هذه</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الورقة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">إلى</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تباحث</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">هذه</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الاستراتيجيات</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بشكل</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">من</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">التفصيل</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">من</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">خلال</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الاجابة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">على</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تساؤل</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">رئيس</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">كيف</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">يتم</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">التنافس</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بين</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الولايات</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المتحدة</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">والصين</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">في</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">منطقة</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بحر</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الجنوبي</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">وأمريكا</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">اللاتينية</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">؟ </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">من</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">خلال</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المحاور</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">التالية</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">:-</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0in -45.4pt 10.0pt -42.55pt;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">1-</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أهمية</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">مناطق</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">النفوذ</span></strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">(</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بحر</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الجنوبي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">وأمريكا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">اللاتينية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">)</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0in -45.4pt 10.0pt -42.55pt;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">2-</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الوجود</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الأمريكي</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">في</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بحر</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الجنوبي</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0in -45.4pt 10.0pt -42.55pt;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">3-</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الوجود</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصيني</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">في</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أمريكا</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">اللاتينية</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0in -45.4pt 10.0pt -42.55pt;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المحور</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الأول</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">:-</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أهمية</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">مناطق</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">النفوذ</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">(</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بحر</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الجنوبي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">وأمريكا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">اللاتينية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">)</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0in -45.4pt 10.0pt -42.55pt;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أولًا</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">:- </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بحر</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span></strong><strong><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الجنوبي</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0in -45.4pt 10.0pt -42.55pt;\"><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">قبل</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تولي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الرئيس</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">باراك</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أوباما</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الحكم</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">في</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الولايات</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المتحدة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">وبداية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">اعتماده</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">لاستراتيجية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">التوجه</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">شرق</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">آسيا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">، </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">كانت</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">هذه</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المنطقة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">مدرجة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">من</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">قبل</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">في</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">ورقة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بعنوان</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">دليل</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">التخطيط</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الدفاعي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">لبول</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">وولفويتز</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">، </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">ضمن</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المناطق</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">التي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">لابد</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">للولايات</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المتحدة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أن</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">توليها</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">اهتمامًا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">؛ </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">فمن</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">خلال</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">سيطرة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">دولةٍ</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">ما</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">على</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">احدى</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">هذه</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المناطق</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">سوف</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">يظهر</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">مستقبلًا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">قوى</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تعادي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">النفوذ</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الأمريكي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">العالمي</span><a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn3;\" title=\"\" href=\"file:///C:/Users/HP/Desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB%20%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%20%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89%20%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82%20%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89%20%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B0%20%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-special-character: footnote;\"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">، </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">ولكن</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">لم</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">يتم</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تبني</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">استراتيجية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">شاملة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تجاه</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">إلا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">عندما</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أعلن</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أوباما</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">عن</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">استراتيجية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">إعادة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">التوازن</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">في</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">شرق</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">آسيا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">، </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بعد</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">استشعار</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أول</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تهديد</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">لنفوذ</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الأمريكي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">العالمي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">من</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">قبل</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصعود</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصيني</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المتنامي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">سواء</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أن</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">كان</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">اقتصاديًا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أو</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">من</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">حيث</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">التطور</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">العسكري</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">، </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">فالصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الأن</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تسعى</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">للسيطرة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">على</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بحر</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الجنوبي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">من</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">خلال</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بناء</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">عدة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">جزر</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">اصطناعية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">وإلحاقها</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بعدد</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">من</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">القواعد</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">العسكرية</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">فوق</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">هذه</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الجزر</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">، </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">وبذلك</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تكون</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أول</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">دول</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المناطق</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">التي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أشار</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">إليها</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">وولفويتز</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">التي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تسعى</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">لتهديد</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">النفوذ</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">العالمي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الأمريكي</span><a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn4;\" title=\"\" href=\"file:///C:/Users/HP/Desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB%20%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%20%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89%20%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82%20%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89%20%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B0%20%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-special-character: footnote;\"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0in -45.4pt 10.0pt -42.55pt;\"><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تُعد</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">منطقة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بحر</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الجنوبي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">إحدى</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المناطق</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">التي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">إذا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أتيحت</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">لدولةٍ</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">ما</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">السيطرة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">عليها</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">سوف</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تظهر</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">قوى</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تتحدى</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">النفوذ</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">العالمي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">للولايات</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">المتحدة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">؛ </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">حيث</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">يمثل</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بحر</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الجنوبي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">قلب</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الأرض</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">البحري</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">في</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">جنوب</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">شرق</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">آسيا</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">كما</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أشار</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">له</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">روبرت</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">كابلان</span><a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn5;\" title=\"\" href=\"file:///C:/Users/HP/Desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB%20%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%20%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89%20%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82%20%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89%20%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B0%20%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-special-character: footnote;\"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">، </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">فالتحكم</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">في</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">منطقة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">بحر</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الصين</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">الجنوبي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">تعطي</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">فرصة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">للتحكم</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">في</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أحد</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">أهم</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">منافذ</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">التجارة</span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"> </span><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Arial\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">العالمية</span><a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn6;\" title=\"\" href=\"file:///C:/Users/HP/Desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB%20%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%20%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89%20%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82%20%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89%20%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B0%20%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\"><span dir=\"LTR\" style=\"mso-special-character: footnote;\"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang=\"AR-EG\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Sans Serif Collection\',sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;\">.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0in -45.4pt 10.0pt -42.55pt;\"